Thick-root spoonweed
| Thick-root spoonweed | ||||||||||||
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| Cochlearia macrorrhiza | ||||||||||||
| ( Schur ) Pobed. |
The thick-root spoonwort ( Cochlearia macrorrhiza ) is one of the most endangered plant species in Central Europe. It only occurs in a few copies at a location near Moosbrunn in the Vienna Basin .
features
The thick-root spoonwort is a biennial to perennial herbaceous plant with an evergreen half rosette. It has a rhizome with thick root felt. At flowering time it reaches a stature height of 25 to 35 cm, rarely up to 40 cm. The basal leaves are clipped to weakly heart-shaped at the base. The leaf shape of the basal leaves is egg-shaped, the blades are usually 1 to 2.3 cm, 0.4 to 3.5 cm long and 1 to 2.5 cm wide.
The flowers are pure white. The fruit stalks are 1 to 1.5 times as long as the fruit and are at an angle of 60 to 90 ° from the grape axis . The fruit is ellipsoidal to spherical, the largest fruit per plant is usually 4 to 6.5 mm, 3.8 to 8 mm long. The seeds are 2 to 2.2 mm long. Flowering time is in April and May, rarely March and June. The species exhibits high levels of outcrossing, but is also potentially self-pollinating. The mechanism of propagation of the seeds is unknown. There is no seed bank in the soil, the seeds rely on small areas with no vegetation for germination.
The chromosome number is 2n = 2x = 12, so the species is diploid .
Distribution and locations
The thick-rooted spoonweed is a local endemic and only occurs in the northern part of Wiener Neustädter Bucht, the so-called wet plain . In the middle of the 19th century their distribution area was given as from Moosbrunn to Mitterndorf . She was once frequently in several flat moors near Moosbrunn, Münchendorf and Mitterndorf. In 2006 there were only three specimens left at one location in the Brunnlust nature reserve.
The locations are in the colline elevation between 185 and 190 meters above the Adriatic Sea . It grows in spring corridors and small sedge at lime-rich water outlets. The fen vegetation consists mainly of Schoenus nigricans , Allium schoenoprasum , Gladiolus palustris , Parnassia palustris , Primula farinosa and Tofieldia calyculata . In the past there were also stands in reed-covered, tall vegetation.
Systematics
Cochlearia macrorrhiza was originally described by Schur in 1877 as a variety of the common spoonbill , as Cochlearia officinalis var. Macrorrhiza . The type locality is Moosbrunn. EG Pobedimova raised this variety to the rank of a species in 1971, but assigned it to all non-Alpine clans of Cochlearia pyrenaica . However, genetic studies have shown that Cochlearia macrorrhiza and Cochlearia pyrenaica are closely related, but that the population in the Vienna Basin is the only species of Cochlearia macrorrhiza . The closest relatives are the two likewise diploid species Cochlearia pyrenaica , which, due to their large area, should be the parent family, and the Cochlearia excelsa , which is endemic to the Eastern Alps . Thus, the species does not mediate between the Alpine and the Carpathian Cochlearia clans, as was long assumed, but developed from Cochlearia pyrenaica or one of these similar forerunner clans . This is likely to have happened during the Pleistocene Ice Age.
Hazard and protection
With only three specimens left in its natural habitat in 2006, the species is threatened with extinction. There are conservation cultures in the Botanical Gardens of Berlin-Dahlem , Heidelberg and privately. The population in Berlin-Dahlem, which has been cultivated there since 1980, is genetically significantly poorer than the much smaller population in the natural location.
The decline in the species is mainly due to the lowering of the groundwater level in the humid plain, which can be attributed to water abstraction for drinking water and agricultural irrigation. Another reason is the increasing succession in these extensively used locations. Any further displacement of the last copies is prevented by keeping them free and cutting them out.
supporting documents
- Manfred A. Fischer , Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
- M. Staudinger: Cochlearia macrorrhiza. In: Wolfgang Rabitsch, Franz Essl: Endemites - Treasures in Austria's flora and fauna . Natural Science Association for Carinthia and the Federal Environment Agency, Klagenfurt and Vienna 2009. ISBN 978-3-85328-049-2 , p. 111f.
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Marcus Koch, Karl-Georg Bernhardt: Cochlearia macrorrhiza, a highly endangered lowland species from Eastern Austria. Conservation genetics, ex situ and in situ conservation efforts . Scripta Botanica Belgica, 2004, Volume 29, pp. 157-164. ISSN 0779-2387
- ↑ F. Schur: Phytogeographic reports on plant forms from different flora areas of the Austrian imperial state . Negotiations of the Brno Natural Research Association, 1877, Volume 15, pp. 3–200.
- ↑ EG Pobedimova: Species novae generis Cochlearia L. Novitates Systematicae Plantarum Vascularium 1968, Volume 5, pp. 130-139.
- ^ A b M. Koch, C. Dobeš, KG Bernhardt, J. Kochjarová: Cochlearia macrorrhiza (Brassicaceae): A bridging species between Cochlearia taxa from the Eastern Alps and the Carpathians? Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2003, Volume 242, pp. 137-147. doi : 10.1007 / s00606-003-0048-4
- ↑ a b c M. Staudinger: Cochlearia macrorrhiza. In: Wolfgang Rabitsch, Franz Essl: Endemiten - Valuables in Austria's flora and fauna , 2009.
- ↑ Marcus Koch, Andreas Franzke, Hans-Peter Janz: garden guide . Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg Institute for Plant Sciences, Heidelberg 2007. (pdf 1.45 MB)