The seven generals of the Magyars
With the entry of the "old" Magyars from the Asian steppes of Etelköz and Magna Hungaria into the Pannonian Plain , the European history of the Hungarians begins . According to ancient chronicles, the Magyars were led into the Carpathian Basin by seven military leaders in AD 896 , where they settled down and later founded and built up the Hungarian state. In Hungarian historiography, this event is known as the " land grab ".
The arrival of the Magyars in Pannonia and the seven military leaders
The seven tribes
The learned Byzantine emperor Constantine VII. Porphyrogennetos informs us for the first time about the names of the tribes of the Magyars in his work De administrando imperio . In this work, after the mention of the Kabars, the seven tribes are given with the following names:
- Kabaren ( Κάβαροι )
- Nyék ( Νέκη )
- Megyer ( Μεγέρη )
- Kürtgyarmat ( Κουςτουγερμάτου )
- Tarján ( Ταριάνου )
- Jenő ( Γενάχ )
- Kér ( Καρή )
- Keszi ( Κασή )
In the Hungarian Chronicle of Pictures ( Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum ) by Markus von Kált from 1358, the entry of the seven tribes into Pannonia is described as follows:
"In 677 after the Incarnation of the Lord and in 104 after the death of Attila , King of the Hungarians, at the time of Emperor Constantine III and Pope Zacharias , the Hungarians - as it is written in the Chronicle of the Romans - left again Scythia away. It happened as follows:
Eleud, the son of Ugeg, a son was born in Scythia from Eunodbilia , who was named Almus because his mother, when she was pregnant, dreamed that a bird in the shape of a hawk came to her and that her womb was born raging brook flowed, which swelled in foreign lands. From this it was seen that glorious kings should emerge from their bodies. Since the word "dream" is now "alm" (álom) in our language and his birth was announced in a dream, he was given the name "Almus" (" Álmos "), son of Eleud "(...)
Arrival of the Magyars in Pannonia
The Hungarian illustrated chronicle writes about the entry of the Magyars into Pannonia:
"In the year 600 or 677 after the Incarnation of the Lord and in the year 100 after Attila's death so commonly Magyars attracted mentioned Huns (Latin Ungari) at the time of Constantine III. And Pope Zacharias back to Pannonia back. They crossed the land of the Pechenegs , of the White Cumans and Suzdalians and also touched the city of Kyo ( Kiev ). (…) God wanted them to move down to Hungary as quickly as possible, then they wandered over the mountains for three months and finally came to the borders of Hungary Erdelw ( Transylvania ) - against the will of the already mentioned peoples who lived there. Here they built seven castles to keep their wives and their belongings and stayed there for a while. That is why the Germans have called this area "Simburg ", That means: seven castles."
Election of the seven military leaders
“When they lived in these castles, they decided unanimously - for fear of an incursion from the neighboring princes - to elect seven generals and to distribute themselves among seven armies, so that each army had a leader, apart from the one appointed according to old custom Hundreds and ten leaders. Because there were 3,000 armed warriors in every army except the Hundred leaders. "
List of military leaders in the Hungarian Illustrated Chronicle and in Simon Kézai
According to the Hungarian Pictorial Chronicle, the guides had the following names:
Árpád , the son of Álmos
Szabolcs (also Zoboleh )
Gyula , stayed in Transylvania
Künd (also Cund )
Lél (also Leel )
Vérbulcsú (also Werbulchu ), settled in the Zala county near Lake Balaton .
Ors
The names are identical to the somewhat older (~ 1282) Chronicle Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum by the chronicler Simon Kézai , only the order of the names is different.
List of military leaders at Anonymous
The chronicler Anonymus and Simon Kézai lived around the same time. Anonymus also wrote his Gesta Hungarorum around the same time , which is considered to be his main work. Today it is not possible to determine which list is the older. The list of names of the army commanders in Anonymus, however, differs from the list of Simon Kézai or the Hungarian illustrated chronicle. According to this chronicle, the leaders had the following names:
Álmos , the father of Árpad
Előd , the father of Szabolcs
Kend (also Kond, Kund )
Ond
Tas , the father of Lél (also Lehel )
Töhötöm (also Tétény )
Even if the names of the individual military leaders do not completely match in the sources, it remains recognizable that Àlmos and Árpád play an important role. Last but not least, the Arpad dynasty ruled the kingdom until 1301. The names of the individual military leaders appear frequently in the chronicles of the 10th century.
literature
- Hungarian illustrated chronicle by Markus von Kalt, (Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum), German edition, Corvina Verlag Budapest 1961
- Dezső Dümmerth: Az Árpádok nyomában, ("In the footsteps of the Arpades"), Budapest 1980, ISBN 963243224X , (Hungarian)
Web links
- Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum by Master Simon Kézai (online: http: //www.vmek/oszk.hu )
Individual evidence
- ↑ Györffy György: A magyar törzsnevek és törzsi helynevek., Honfoglalás és nyelvészet . Balassi Kiadó Budapest 1997. ISBN 963-506-108-0 (Hungarian)
- ↑ The numbers are incorrect as Attila died around AD 453.
- ↑ Also with Constantine III. as well as Pope Zacharias the dating is imprecise.
- ↑ It is about the " dream of Emese " of Álmos' mother. Also circumscribed in the " Tururl saga ".
- ↑ Now a long list of names is given, which goes back to Noah . The genealogy given here lacks any historical basis.
- ↑ a b c Hungarian Picture Chronicle , p. 95f (see literature)
- ↑ Dümmerth ... p. 118ff (see literature)