Diplomatic school

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Diplomatic school is the name given to the schools where diplomats are trained; These are universities or postgraduate educational institutions , i.e. academies at which people with a university degree receive further training ( ISCED level 6 or 8).

Basics

The diplomatic service , i.e. maintaining international contacts, is one of the central sovereign tasks of sovereign states , but also of all other subjects of international law . Therefore, diplomatic schools are widely state educational institutions. In them, employees of the Foreign Ministry are prepared for the diplomatic internal and external service ( external service ). There are also numerous university educational institutions for diplomacy around the world.

history

Originally, diplomats were simply public figures who, on the basis of rank and personality, appeared suitable for diplomatic activities. Initially pure ambassadors with special assignments, longer-term foreign services emerged in Europe from around 1500 onwards, from which permanent representatives at important and friendly courts, such as the Holy See , were formed. These envoys could well be foreigners, a form of diplomacy that continues in the honorary consul . Thus, in the Enlightenment in the 18th century, a special use of professional civil servants for international contacts emerged. Originally intended primarily for military crises or affairs of the nobility (such as marriage diplomacy ), from this time onwards bilateral trade relations became important - this part of diplomacy is now practiced by the trade attachés .

The first special diplomatic school was founded in 1701, the Pontifical Diplomatic Academy in Rome, and in 1712 there was a brief Académie politique for embassy secretaries at the court of Louis XIV. In 1747 a special school for embassy secretaries was opened in Prussia.

The Diplomatic Academy of Vienna , founded in 1754 under Maria Theresa as the Imperial and Royal Academy for Oriental Languages, is considered to be the oldest existing state diplomatic school in the world . The purpose of this facility was special preparation for the diplomatic usages in the "Orient", especially at the court at the Sublime Porte (Istanbul) . Shortly before that, the École des Langues Orientales had been founded in Paris for this purpose, and Kaunitz brought the idea to the Viennese court. Up to this time the Jesuits were regarded as specialists in matters of non-European diplomacy worldwide; However, “language boys” ( Jeunes de langues ) were sent to the Ottoman court and lived in the household of the head of mission. This is where the term “school” comes from.

The tendency to transfer diplomacy to national sovereignty prevailed in the age of absolutism ; since then, diplomatic use has been consistently restricted to citizens. From the French Revolution onwards, commoners were increasingly used in the foreign service, and the purpose of the schools was to provide basic training in general education and manners, the rest of the skills were taught on the job in the missions abroad, as has been particularly common in British diplomacy until recently was. in Switzerland to this day.

With the advancement of modern diplomacy, the schools changed their profile and in the course of the 20th century became special training centers for appropriately trained and experienced civil servants. Today the diplomat is seen as an "advocate" for his state and its citizens abroad, who must have extensive knowledge of geopolitics and international relations. The first diplomatic school in this modern sense was that of the humanist and state scholar Johann Daniel Schöpflin in Strasbourg , where most of the senior diplomats and politicians studied in the second half of the 19th century. To this day there are some international diplomatic schools that do not primarily train civil servants, but rather those interested in politics. The state schools of some nations also try to train foreign diplomats as a support program. The approach of international understanding also lives on in the role of cultural attaché.

Military diplomacy, which is now practiced by military attachés, took a special route . These are mostly professional officers who are trained in special military academies and, unlike civilian diplomats, are often subordinate to a Ministry of Defense .

Universities for International Affairs

In addition to professional training as a diplomat in the narrower sense, there are numerous related courses of study at universities, mostly in the context of political , legal , social and economic sciences . The most important network is the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs  (APSIA) , originally formed as a network of American universities, today with numerous members worldwide.

List of diplomatic schools

State diplomatic schools

country school city established Remarks
GermanyGermany Germany Foreign Service Academy Berlin ? from 1973 in Bonn
EstoniaEstonia Estonia Eesti Diplomaatide Kool Tallinn 1990
Vatican cityVatican Holy See Pontificia Accademia Ecclesiastica (PEA) Rome 1701 as Accademia Pontificia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici
AustriaAustria Austria Diplomatic Academy Vienna Vienna 1754 as the Imperial and Royal Oriental Academy
PortugalPortugal Portugal Instituto Diplomático Lisbon 1994
RussiaRussia Russia Московский государственный институт международных отношений MOSKOVSKII gosudarstvennyĭ institute mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniĭ ( МГИМО MGIMO ) Moscow 1944
SpainSpain Spain Escuela Diplomática de Madrid Madrid 1942

International institutes

(Sort by country)

Historical schools

(chronological order)

Web links

The schools:

  1. ^ Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (apsia.org)
  2. ↑ Foreign Service Academy , on Auswaertiges-amt.de
  3. ↑ Eesti Diplomaatide Kool (edk.edu.ee)
  4. ^ Pontifical Diplomatic Academy , on vatican.va
  5. ↑ Diplomatic Academy of Vienna (da-vienna.ac.at)
  6. ↑ Instituto Diplomático do Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros (idi.mne.pt) (pt, en, fr)
  7. ↑ Московский государственный институт международных отношений (mgimo.ru)
  8. ↑ Escuela Diplomática de Madrid , on exteriores.gob.es
  9. ↑ Institut de hautes études internationales et du développement / Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (graduateinstitute.ch)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d e Heinrich Pfusterschmid-Hardtenstein: Brief history of the Diplomatic Academy Vienna. Training in the field of international relations since 1754. Diplomatic Academy Vienna, 2008, ISBN 3-902021-56-X , especially introductory chapter Modern states require diplomacy and consular systems , p. 9 ff.
  2. ^ A b Heinz Duchhardt, Martin Espenhorst (eds.): Utrecht - Rastatt - Baden 1712–1714: A European Peace Work at the End of the Age of Louis XIV. Volume 98 of publications by the Institute for European History, Mainz, Supplements , Institute for European History, ISSN  0170-365X , Verlag Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2013, ISBN 978-352510125-4 , Section Diplomats and Diplomacy in the Early 18th Century , p. 23 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  3. ↑ a b Christian Windler , Hillard von Thiessen: Actors in External Relations: Networks and Interculturality in Historical Change. Volume 1 of Externa , Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar 2010, ISBN 978-341220563-8 , p. 147 f ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  4. ↑ Pfusterschmid-Hardtenstein: Kleine Geschichte… , 2008, section Consuls and diplomats - lawyers of their state , p. 14 ff
  5. ↑ Selection through selection process, introductory training at the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA) Bern, advanced training in mission.
    Diplomat , berufsberatung.ch; How to become a diplomat in Switzerland . Andreas Saurer in Berner Zeitung online, August 17, 2010.
  6. ↑ Quotation from Pfusterschmid-Hardtenstein: Kleine Geschichte… , 2008, p. 14
  7. ↑ cf. for example International Diplomatic Training, Auswaertiges-amt.de
  8. ↑ → en: Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs
  9. ^ Estonian School of Diplomacy (ESD) ; → et: Eesti Diplomaatide Kool
  10. ↑ Erhard Crome (Ed.): The Babelsberger Diplomatenschule. The Institute for International Relations of the GDR. Potsdam 2009.