Disciplinary card

A disciplinary card is a colored signal card that is used by referees or referees in some sports to visually indicate to players or officials that they or the team have been punished for their offense. The referee or referee holds up the card and possibly points to the player or the official who was punished. The different colors of the card indicate the punishment imposed on the guilty player or official.

History and origin

English FIFA referee Ken Aston came up with the idea of ​​using colored signal cards in order to bypass language barriers . Aston was a member of the FIFA Referees Committee and was responsible for referees at the 1966 World Cup . In the quarter-final match between England and Argentina, which was led by German FIFA referee Rudolf Kreitlein , the newspapers said after the game that the English players Bobby and Jack Charlton had received a warning. Both knew nothing of this warning, however, as referee Kreitlein had not clearly stated it. The English manager Alf Ramsey himself asked FIFA for clarification. Aston, while driving his car on Kensington High Street, pondered how to avoid such problems in the future. He had to stop several times because traffic lights jumped from yellow to red. The traffic lights gave him the idea that the color yellow could be used as a warning and the color red as a field reference. He then suggested to FIFA that signal cards should be used for personal punishments. In 1970 the cards were introduced at the World Cup . Since then, signal cards have been used in football to indicate a warning or a field reference . Later other sports, including handball , hockey and rugby, introduced the signal cards. They laid down the meaning of the cards in their rules of the game.

Disciplinary cards used

Yellow card

The yellow card is used in many sports. Mostly it means a warning or a time penalty.

The yellow card has different meanings in different sports. Most of the time, however, it means that a warning has been issued against a guilty person and that the person concerned should change their behavior. In some sports, however, it can also mean a temporary suspension ( time penalty ). The yellow card is used in the following sports:

Bandy

In a bandy, a yellow card is a warning. Only one yellow card can be issued per team, as the yellow card is not only a warning for the player, but also applies to his team.

A yellow card is issued

• if the goalkeeper makes a technical error (rule 6),
• if the player obstructs an opponent without the ball (Rule 8),
• when the goalkeeper throws the ball out and makes a mistake. This also applies to the attacker. An attacker or defender will also be penalized with the yellow card (if not already imposed) if they commit a technical error with a corner stroke (rule 10),
• if the attacker makes a mistake on a free hit (Rules 12 and 13),
• if the player does not keep the distance of 5 meters within 5 seconds (Rule 13),
• if the player commits a penalty in the penalty shot (Rule 15).

If a player commits one of the above-mentioned offenses and he or his team has already received a yellow card, the player with the white card will be expelled from the field for 5 minutes. During the time penalty, the player may not be replaced so that the team will play outnumbered for as long. A player who has received a time penalty can no longer receive a yellow card.

fencing

When fencing, the yellow card is a warning for the fencer and for other people, such as B. Team Officials. The warning applies for the remainder of the battle. In the case of some offenses, the hit and thus the point of the guilty fencer can also be canceled with a yellow card. Offenses that are punished with a yellow card are listed in group 1 of the sanctions catalog. Certain serious offenses after group 3 are punished with a yellow card the first time. There are also two offenses that are punished the first time after group 0.

A fencer will be cautioned with a yellow card for an offense according to group 0 if he:

• after the referee's first call, does not appear on the track ready to fight or
• shows no combat readiness for the first time (i.e. acts passively)

If a fencer is still not ready to fight on the lane after the warning, a second call is made by the referee after 1 minute. This call results in a red card, which is to be pronounced by the calling referee against the fencer or the team member.

In the case of passivity, special P cards are used, which are independent of the other penalty systems of groups 1 to 3. If after 1 minute no valid hit is scored or no hit falls outside the valid target area or one or both fencers express their unwillingness to fight, the referee must immediately interrupt the fight. For the first offense, both fencers will be warned by the referee with the yellow P-card if there is a tie. If the score is different, the referee will warn the fencer with the low score with the yellow P card.

A fencer commits a Group 1 offense if he:

• leaves the train without permission,
• puts his body next to the body of his opponent in order to avoid a hit or to bump the opponent (additional hit cancellation),
• Turns his back on the opponent (additional hit cancellation),
• covers or replaces the valid hit area (additional hit cancellation),
• Touches or touches electrical parts (additional hit cancellation),
• leaves the lane sideways to avoid a hit (additional hit cancellation),
• abusively interrupts the fight,
• uses non-standardized material or the clothing does not comply with the standard or does not have a replacement weapon or replacement body cable that complies with the rules,
• disregards the standards regarding blade bending,
• puts the gun on the track to straighten it,
• strikes with the bell at the saber or cross step, fall attack or any forward movement with crossed legs or feet (additional hit cancellation),
• does not follow the referee's instructions,
• does not wear a compliant hairstyle,
• jostles or fights disorderly,
• In the case of foil and epee, the blade hits, bends, grinds, hits or moves abnormally on the track, and brutal thrusts or hits are scored while falling or afterwards (additional hit cancellation),
• makes an unjustified complaint or criticizes the factual decision of the referee or
• enters the lane area without the referee's permission (it should be noted here that the warning given for the offense is a team penalty. Therefore, there can only be a red card for each further offense after group 1)

Each fencer is only punished once with a yellow card. A second and every further offense is punished with either the red or the black card. If the fencer has already received a red card, he can no longer be punished with a yellow card if he commits a Group 1 offense. Here he has to see the red card and get a penalty hit.

The following offenses according to group 3 are punished with a yellow card the first time:

• if a person disturbs the order on the track for the first time (in particularly serious cases he can also immediately receive the black card from the referee),
• if no equipment is worn during the warm-up or training that is prescribed by the FIE rules or
• when a fencer or another person engages in unsportsmanlike conduct for the first time

If one of these offenses occurs again, the referee will pronounce the black card. The person concerned is excluded from the competition.

Soccer

A soccer player sees the yellow card .

If a player is cautioned by the referee, he will show him a yellow card. The warning to the player is recorded by the referee either on a game note card or in a small black notebook. Hence the English term "booking" comes from the warning. When the yellow card is to be given in football is listed in the football rules under rule 12. A player, substitute or substituted player will be cautioned by showing the yellow card if he:

• behaves unsportsmanlike,
• protests or complains with words or actions,
• repeatedly violates the rules of the game,
• the start of the game is delayed,
• ignores the prescribed distance for a throw-in, corner kick or free kick,
• Enters (again) or deliberately leaves the field of play without the referee's permission,
• enters a possibly existing referee video area (SVB) or
• excessively displays the video evidence mark.

Since the 2019/2020 season, team officials (including the coach) of the team can also be penalized with a yellow or red card. Under rule 12, a team official will see a yellow card and be warned if he:

• clearly or repeatedly leaves the own technical zone (coaching zone),
• delays the continuation of play of his own team,
• deliberately but not confrontationally enters the technical zone of the opposing team,
• Protests through words or actions, that includes

  • that throwing or kicking drinking bottles or other objects or
  • explicit disrespectful gestures towards one or more match officials (e.g. sarcastic clapping)

• enters a possibly existing referee video area (SVB),
• requests yellow or red cards excessively or repeatedly,
• excessively displays the video evidence mark,
• provoked or incited by gestures or actions,
• repeatedly behaves improperly or
• is disrespectful to the game.

If a player or team official has already received a yellow card and is cautioned again in the same game, the referee will send him off. He shows the player or the team official first the yellow and immediately afterwards the red card ( yellow-red card ). The player or team official must immediately leave the field of play and the interior. The player may also not be replaced by a substitution. In most championship and cup games, the yellow cards of the player or coach who collect them are counted. If a certain number of cards is reached, there is usually a game ban. In some leagues there may be a longer suspension if the player or team official reaches the number of yellow cards again, for example.

Gaelic football and hurling

A yellow card in Gaelic football and hurling means a warning to the offending player.

A player receives a yellow card if he:

• blocks a shot attempt by the opponent after being released from the hand with a shoe or tries,
• using a shoe to prevent an opponent from kicking or lifting the ball through the arm, hand, foot or leg or attempting to do so,
• playing a rough game or
• attempts to gain an advantage by feigning foul play or injury.

A player can only see the yellow card once. If he commits another offense that results in a yellow or black card, he will also receive the red card after receiving the second card and will be expelled from the field for the rest of the game. It cannot be replaced.

Handball

A handball player sees the yellow card .

In handball, a yellow card means a warning to a player or team official. According to rules 8 and 16, a warning must be given:

• if irregularities mainly or exclusively affect the opponent's body through an action, (8: 3, 16: 1a)
• or players or officials behave unsportingly (8: 7, 16: 1b)

Unsportsmanlike conduct is according to 8: 7:

a) Protest against referee decisions as well as verbal or non-verbal actions to bring about a certain decision by the referee;
b) disturbing the opponent or teammate verbally or with gestures or yelling at an opponent with the aim of distracting him;
c) Delay in the execution of the throw by the opposing team due to non-compliance with the 3 m distance or other behavior;
d) Attempting to "act" to fake an offense or to exaggerate the effect of an offense in order to provoke an interruption of the season or an undeserved punishment of an opposing player;
e) actively fending off throws or passes by using the foot or lower leg; purely reflex movements such as B. Closing the legs is not penalized (see also Rule 7: 8);
f) repeatedly entering the goal area for tactical reasons.

A maximum of 3 players per team should receive a yellow card in a game. In addition, only one official may be warned by the team. The next offense would be punished with a suspension or a disqualification (for serious offenses).

hockey

A yellow hockey card

In field and indoor hockey , a yellow card means that the player, substitute or even the coaches are excluded from playing for a limited period of time. The referees decide how long the penalty will be served in accordance with the international field or indoor hockey rules. The lowest penalty time in field hockey is 5 minutes, the highest 15 minutes. The time penalty for indoor hockey is a minimum of 2 minutes and a maximum of 10 minutes. If the captain is given a time penalty, his office is suspended as long as he has to sit on the penalty bench.

If the supervisor or substitute is temporarily excluded, a player must leave the field of play, but may be used as a substitute. Disqualified players or coaches remain in a predetermined area until the referee who imposed the suspension gives permission to re-enter. A temporarily excluded player or supervisor (including substitutes) may take part in the team's half-time meeting.

If the same player, substitute or coach receives two yellow cards in the same game, he will be sent off the field with a yellow-red card for the remainder of the game , just as in football . Just like in football, the yellow card is shown first and then the red card.

The yellow hockey card is usually square in shape.

Canoe polo

In canoe polo, the yellow card means a time penalty of 2 minutes for the guilty player. He must leave the field of play and may not be replaced. So the team will be reduced. The penalty time is interrupted in the event of time-out and breaks in play. The referee holds up the yellow card and points with the other arm at the guilty player.

A yellow card is given to the player:

• if he repeatedly receives the green card as a result of an offense or if his team no longer has any green cards available,
• if he commits a deliberate or dangerous foul and prevents a safe goal. Unless the referee considers that a penalty penalty is sufficient,
• if the referee believes that a foul is both deliberate and dangerous, unless the offense is given a red card,
• if he repeatedly commits an intentional or dangerous foul,
• if he repeatedly commits the same foul after a team warning,
• if he doubts a referee's decision continuously or repeatedly,
• if he insults or insults an opponent or official,
• if his body does not cross the center line in the direction of his own half of the field and now intervenes in the game as a defender after his team has scored a goal and the game has continued or
• if he makes a faulty substitution and this is noticed by the linesman or referee.

Each player can only see a yellow card once. The second yellow card automatically means the red card.

Bowling

A yellow card in skittles means a warning for the offending player. He gets it when he:

• the ball touches down next to or behind the top plank,
• crosses the boundary line at the end of the top plank (is usually indicated by the technical facility),
• throws the ball too early. This happens when the ball rolls into the cone field, but the automatic is not yet ready to accept. This throw must be repeated because the result cannot be counted. If the ball is thrown again too early, a warning is issued and the throw may be repeated again.
• touches the floor with hands or knees or leans against the wall. The return of the ball after taking the starting position up to the completion of the throw (impact of the ball) is also not allowed. Touching is not a mistake when stability is difficult. Blind and visually impaired people are not allowed to support themselves with their hands on the floor or other components after the ball has been picked up until the ball is released. This does not affect the sampling of the approach. When supporting after the throw, the front white boundary line must not be exceeded or reached,
• uses unapproved aids (including sprays, talc on hands or shoes),
• behaves in an unsportsmanlike manner towards other players or referees, or
• fails to comply with an instruction from the referee.

A yellow card is personal. It applies to all further violations of the rules and regulations. If the player receives a 2nd warning, he will be shown the yellow and red cards together.

Yellow cards must be noted on the player's throw slip and noted in the match report.

Equestrian sport

In equestrian sports, the yellow card means a warning for the rider. It is given if the rider has abused the horse, behaves in an unsportsmanlike manner towards a referee or rides dangerously. The yellow card is also used at an FEI event. Here, too, it means a warning for the rider concerned. Riding a horse that is lame or tired is considered to be abuse of the horse. Excessive use of the whip and spurs is also considered abuse. If the rider has collected two yellow cards within a year, he will be immediately banned for two months.

Bike ball

Radball is available in 2 versions. One is the 2-man bike ball, where only 2 teams of 2 players each play, and the other is the 5-man bike ball, where 2 teams play with 5 players each. In both variants, the yellow card means a warning for the guilty player or team manager. It is imposed by the commissioner . In the case of a two-man bike ball, there is a warning or a warning for the players or the team for improper behavior (a time penalty is not possible, as the team only has 1 player on the field, which would mean abandoning the game). In addition to the warning, there is also a 2-minute time penalty for the 5-man bike ball. In the case of first-time or minor cases, this penalty applies to improper behavior. However, if improper behavior occurs repeatedly or even seriously, the commissioner can issue the warning with a yellow card. In this case there is an additional time penalty of 3 minutes for the person concerned. There is improper conduct if:

• a player repeatedly, loudly or inappropriately criticizes a decision of the commissioner,
• a player causes a dispute with a teammate, opponent, jury or spectator,
• Players or supervisors protest unjustified by repeatedly raising their hands,
• a player or supervisor repeatedly violates the rules of the game,
• the game is stopped or a player leaves the field of play for no legitimate reason,
• the game is repeatedly delayed when the ball is stationary,
• the opposing team is repeatedly deprived of an advantage due to tactical rule violations,
• the outfield player intentionally commits a hand game or
• the goalkeeper intentionally violates the rules outside his penalty area

There is also a warning if the game is repeatedly disrupted by a team's supervisors so that the team can gain an advantage from the disruption. In order to issue the warning or the time penalty, the commissioner must whistle the game (i.e. interrupt) and stop the time. If a substitute or supervisor is given a time penalty at the 5-a-side bike ball, any player has to leave the field for the time penalty. After the commissioner has imposed the penalty, he must report the penalized player or coach and the reason that led to the penalty to the referee. The jury confirms the penalty by announcing it loudly. Only then can the game start again. If a player sees his 2nd yellow card, he is expelled from the field with a yellow-red card.

Wrestling

In wrestling, a yellow card means a warning. It is shown as a sanction measure against active players (i.e. the wrestlers), supervisors, coaches, timekeepers or list keepers if the person concerned does not abide by the order and shows misconduct. The card is shown either by a referee (also known as a referee) or by a member of the referee. If the fight is led by a three-man jury and a member of the jury shows a yellow card, a majority of votes must be in favor, including the vote of the mat president, his consent can be tacit.

When wrestling, the person concerned receives a yellow card if he:

• behaves unsportsmanlike (also applies to wrestlers who behave unsportsmanlike on the mat outside of regular fighting time and the break),
• waves or applauds a referee's decision,
• objectively complained against a referee's decision,
• heats up the audience against a referee's decision or
• enters the mat without permission.

The yellow card must be noted and justified in the protocol. In the German competition there is a "yellow card suspension" for the current competition season. If the punished person has received the third, fifth or another subsequent yellow card, he is automatically blocked for one day of the fight (or receives a functional block). The ban will be communicated to the banned person in writing by the competition manager, the Bundesliga advisor or the league supervisor.

If the person commits another offense that results in another yellow card, he sees the yellow and red cards at the same time.

rugby

In rugby, the yellow card has two meanings. On the one hand, the player is warned for his offense against rule 10 of the IRB rules, but at the same time this player has to go down to the penalty box (known as "Sin Bin") and the team has to play less with one man for 10 minutes. But there are also some rugby leagues where the yellow cards are not used. Here the referee shows the player the "Sin Bin" by holding up 10 fingers. If the player sees his second yellow card, he will be expelled from the field with a red card, just like in football (yellow-red card). The team plays the rest of the game, with one man less.

Table tennis

In table tennis, a yellow card means a warning for the player, coach or any other person who advises the player. Players, supervisors or advisers receive a yellow card if they unfairly influence the opponent through bad habits or behavior, insult the spectators or bring table tennis into disrepute by, among other things, breaking the table tennis ball, deliberately knocking the ball over the border, Kick against the game table or its border, take off your jersey at the competition venue or behave abusive or grossly impolite towards referees or assistant referees.

If a player who has already been cautioned commits a second violation of the rules in the same single or double game or in the same team battle, the referee awards the opponent one point. In the case of a third violation, the opponent is awarded 2 points. The referee indicates the imposition of penalty points with a yellow and red card at the same time. If the player who has received 3 penalty points commits another offense, the referee will immediately stop the game and inform the head referee of the incident. As a rule, the guilty player is disqualified by him with a red card.

A warning or penalty issued to either player in a doubles applies to the pair, but not to the “innocent” player if he plays in the same team match in a subsequent singles match. At the beginning of a double, the higher warning or penalty issued against one of the two players is used.

In addition, a supervisor or advisor can be warned with the yellow card if he advises you at a time when this is not allowed. If the supervisor repeats the advice without permission, he will be expelled from the play area (the box) by the referee. The referee shows him the red card.

volleyball

In 2013, the card rules for volleyball were standardized with those for beach volleyball . Previously, in normal volleyball, the yellow card according to rule 22 was used for punishment. The opponent was given a point and the culpable team loses the right to serve. Now it means a warning just like in beach volleyball. If the warning was given due to a delay, the referee will hold the yellow card against his other arm. A suspension is shown by showing the yellow and red cards together; in the event of a disqualification, the yellow and red cards are shown separately.

Red card

The red card is used in several sports. Mostly it is imposed for serious offenses and means the expulsion of the guilty person.

A red card is used in many sports. The meaning differs between the sports, but mostly the red card means the exclusion or disqualification of the guilty person.

Bandy

A bandy red card means the player is excluded from the rest of the game. This player cannot be replaced, so the team has to play with one man less. This also applies to overtime or penalty shootouts. If the coach or a substitute player is excluded by means of a red card, the team only has to take one man out of the game for 10 minutes.

In Bandy there is a red card for light and serious offenses. A report is only made in the case of serious offenses.

A player commits a light offense and is shown the red card when he

• Has 2 time penalties and is now committing another offense, which results in a white card (5 minutes time penalty) or blue card (10 minutes time penalty),
• prevents the opponent from having a chance to score by tripping the opponent on the field of play.

A player commits a serious offense and is shown the red card when he is

• Attacks an opponent in a ruthless manner, for example by directly kicking or hitting the hands, arm or even the body or
• Offends or even attacks referees, officials, players, coaches or spectators.

fencing

In fencing, the red card means one penalty point for the opponent.

Offenses after group 0 are punished with a red card if:

• a fencer still does not appear ready to fight on the lane after the first call and the referee therefore calls the fencer for the second time after a further minute or
• if one acts passively for the second or third time (i.e. the willingness to fight is missing)

The second call results in a red card, which is shown to the fencer or a member of the fencer's team by the referee. If the fencer is still not ready after one minute, the absent fencer will be excluded for the individual competition or the team for the entire team competition. If no valid hit is scored for the second or third time after one minute or if no hit falls outside of the valid target area after one minute, the referee will issue a penalty point to both fencers using the red P-card if there is a tie. If the score is different, the fencer with the low score will be penalized by the referee with the red P card. From the fourth time onwards, the black P-card follows, provided that the punished fencer has already received two red P-cards.

If an offense after group 1 is committed for the second time or an offense after group 2 or 3 is committed for the first time, the red card is shown to the fencer.

A fencer commits a Group 2 offense if he:

• uses the unarmed arm or the unarmed hand (additional hit cancellation),
• asks for a break due to an injury or convulsion unjustified by a doctor,
• fights without a check mark (additional hit cancellation),
• deliberately hits the opponent from the outside (additional hit cancellation),
• acts brutally, dangerous or vengeful against his opponent or
• hits the opponent with the bell or the handle (additional hit cancellation)

Offenses according to group 2 will also be punished with a red card for further offenses.

A rude commits a group 3 offense if he:

• disturbs order on the track (in particularly serious cases the referee can show the black card immediately),
• fights unfairly (additional hit cancellation) or
• violates advertising regulations.

Repeated offenses after group 3 result in a black card . The fencer is excluded.

Soccer

Red card in soccer

In football, the red card is shown by a referee. It indicates that the player, substitute or substituted player has been permanently expelled from the field. If a player has been sent off, the team must play with one man less, unless the offense happened before the first half kicked off. In this case, the excluded player can be replaced by a substitute without the substitution quota being affected. However, if a substitute is excluded beforehand by the red card, the substitute may not be replaced.

A player, substitute or substituted player sees the red card in accordance with Rule 12 and is expelled from the field if he:

• prevents a goal or an obvious chance to score through deliberate handball (except for the goalkeeper in his penalty area, who is allowed to use his hand),
• prevents an obvious scoring chance for an opponent approaching his goal by an offense, which is punished with a direct or indirect free kick or with a penalty kick,
• uses offensive, insulting or abusive statements or gestures,
• commits a gross foul,
• bites or spits on another person,
• commits an assault through excessive severity or brutality towards another person,
• enters an existing video review room (VÜR) or
• receives the second warning in the same game and sees the yellow-red card.

Since the 2019/2020 season, team officials (including the coach) can also be punished with yellow and red cards. Under rule 12, a team official will see the red card and be expelled from the interior if he:

• the continuation of the game of the opposing team is delayed, e.g. B. by:

  • Failure to release the ball
  • Playing away the ball
  • Obstruction of a player's movement

• deliberately leaving the technical zone and then:

  • protests or complains to a match official or
  • provokes or incites

• enters the technical zone of the opposing team in an aggressive or confrontational manner,
• intentionally throws or kicks objects on the field of play,
• enters the field of play to:

  • a match official to answer the question (this also applies during half-time and after the end of the game)
  • To influence the game, an opponent or a game official

• enters an existing video review room (VÜR),
• acts physically or aggressively towards another person (including spitting and biting),
• commits violence against another person,
• uses offensive, insulting or abusive statements or gestures,
• Uses impermissible electrical or communication devices and / or behaves improperly due to the use of such devices or
• receives the second warning in the same game and sees the yellow-red card.

In the professional field and in some amateur leagues, the yellow-red card means a ban for the following game for the guilty player. If the player receives a "direct" red card, he is automatically banned. The authority responsible for the game or the sports court then decides on the amount of the penalty. At least one game ban is issued.

Gaelic football and hurling

In Gaelic football and hurling, the red card means the exclusion for the offending player. He is sent off for the remainder of the game and may not be replaced.

A player sees the red card if he:

• hits or tries to hit an opponent or person with the head, arm, hand, elbow or knee,
• kicks or tries to kick an opponent or a person with little effort or with force or with resulting injury
• behaves dangerously towards an opponent,
• spits at an opponent,
• takes part in a scuffle,
• kicks a player,
• hurt the opponent through reckless behavior or
• offends the referee, umpire, linesman or sideline officials by words or gestures.

A red card is also given if a player receives two yellow cards or sees a yellow and a black card in the game. If the player receives the red card within 48 weeks for double "yellow" or "yellow-black", he will be automatically banned for 2 games.

Walking (sport)

In the walking sport, the red card means an “application for disqualification”. For the information of the athletes (and spectators) the respective number and the reason of the red cards are displayed on a board. So that this can be displayed quickly, especially at international events, handheld computers must be used for communication with the judge supervisor and the disqualification request board. Until the rule change in the international competition rules for 2016, the walker was disqualified by the umpire (or one of his assistants) after three red cards, which he received from various judges. Then a stay zone for time penalties according to rule 230.7 c) was introduced.

If the regulations of this event allow such a recreation zone, it is mandatory for all walking competitions. However, it can also be used in other competitions after the relevant association organization or the organizing committee (organizer) has made a decision.

If the residence zone is used and the athlete concerned has collected three red cards, he must go to the residence zone for time penalties and serve the specified time penalty as instructed by the head judge or a person entrusted to him (including one of his assistants). With the rule change to 2018, it was determined as follows:

• For competitions up to 5 km the penalty time is 30 seconds,
• For competitions up to 10 km the penalty time is 1 minute,
• For competitions up to 20 km the penalty time is 2 minutes,
• For competitions up to 30 km the penalty time is 3 minutes,
• For competitions up to 40 km the penalty time is 4 minutes and
• For competitions up to 50 km, the penalty time is 5 minutes.

If the athlete receives another red card at any time from a judge who has not yet issued him a red card, the athlete will be disqualified. He will also be disqualified by the umpire if he refuses to go to the time penalties zone despite being instructed or if he does not spend the specified time in the stay zone.

A disqualification is indicated to the athlete concerned by the chairman or his assistant with a red trowel, whereupon the walker must immediately end the competition and leave the competition course. In competitions on the street, walkers must also remove their start numbers.

Handball

A red card is shown at a handball game.

In handball, the red card means a disqualification of the player or the team official for the remainder of the season. The team has to play with one player less for 2 minutes. Thereafter, the disqualified player may be replaced. A disqualified official cannot be replaced, however, a man has to go down for 2 minutes. There is a disqualification by means of a red card:

1. in the case of offenses in terms of rules 8: 5 and 8: 6
2. grossly unsportsmanlike conduct in accordance with Rule 8: 9 and particularly grossly unsportsmanlike conduct in accordance with Rule 8:10 by a player or team official on the playing area or outside;
3. unsportsmanlike conduct by one of the team officials under Rule 8: 7 after team officials of the same team have previously received a warning and a suspension according to 16: 1b and 16: 3d-e;
4. significant or repeated unsportsmanlike conduct during the 7-meter throw or
5. if the same player is suspended for a third time.

Since 2010, disqualification with a report has replaced exclusion. Back then there was that for assault, which resulted in a reduction in one player for the rest of the season. Since 2010, offenses after 8: 6 or 8:10 have been punished with disqualification and a report. This results in an automatic ban, which can even be tightened by the gaming authority. From July 1, 2016, the disqualification will be pronounced with a report by showing the red and then the blue card.

hockey

Red hockey card

A red card in field or indoor hockey means the exclusion of the player, substitute or the guilty supervisor for the remainder of the season. The team has to play with one player less as the player cannot be replaced. In contrast to the green and yellow cards, the captain should never be punished with the red card if a team shows unsportsmanlike conduct and the guilty player cannot be identified. The person in question with the red card must be excluded here. The German Hockey Association also has the yellow-red card, which has the same meaning as the red card. However, it can only be given if a player has already been penalized with the yellow card and commits another offense on the field, which results in a green or yellow card. However, if the player commits the offense outside of the competition (for example in the event of a time penalty), he will also receive the red card here. This also applies to substitutes or coaches. In the event of a yellow-red card, the player is suspended from a game. In the event of a red card, the referees must write a detailed report. The red hockey card is usually round in shape.

Canoe polo

In canoe polo, the red card means exclusion for the player, coach, team manager or team official for the rest of the season. The person concerned is no longer replaceable. The team has to play less with one man. The referee holds up the red card and points with the other arm at the person who has been excluded. If a player receives his second yellow card, he automatically sees the red card (yellow-red card).

A red card is given to the coach or team manager (official):

• if the person concerned repeatedly leaves the coaching zone even though there has already been a green card for him or another team manager (official),
• if the trainer or supervisor (official) objects to the issue of a green card or
• if the coach or team supervisor (official) continues his behavior or his attitude, although this has been sanctioned with a green card.

If a coach or team supervisor receives the red card, he must leave the competition site immediately. The game may only be continued after the person concerned has left the competition zone. It is forbidden for the person concerned to enter the competition site and to influence the game. If the person concerned refuses to leave the competition area, the referee must stop the game and report the incident to the competition committee.

There is also a red card:

• if a player is attacked personally (assault) or
• if an intentional or dangerous foul is committed which, in the opinion of the referees, has a significant impact on the game, regardless of other game penalties imposed.

If a player, team manager or team official receives the red card during the game (this includes the player's yellow-red card), he is automatically blocked for the next game in the competition. If the referees believe there is a need for further disciplinary action, they will file a report. The jury decides on further measures.

Bowling

In bowling there is a yellow-red card and a red card. If a player commits an offense and thereby receives his 2nd warning, he will be shown the yellow and red cards together. His throw is counted as a zero throw. The skittles hit are noted on the throw slip, but canceled. The posting of the yellow-red card and the devaluation of the throw must be noted in the game report.

A red card means the disqualification of the player who is excluded from the rest of the game at the same time. It is given if the player behaves in a grossly unsportsmanlike manner. In team competitions, an excluded player can be replaced by a substitute player if this is listed on the team entry and the substitution quota has not yet been exhausted. The red card is not only to be noted in the game report, the referee who issued the red card must also submit a report to the relevant game organizer.

Wrestling

When wrestling there is a yellow-red card and a red card. On the one hand, the punished person (wrestler, coach, supervisor, timekeeper and list keeper) is evicted from the hall. whereupon he has to leave the competition hall. In addition, the punished person receives a block (or a functional block) for the current event and an additional block (or functional block) for a job on the next day of the team championship or for an individual championship or tournament lasting several days.

The yellow.Red card can only be given if the punished person already has a yellow card and now commits another offense, which would lead to a second yellow card. The referee (referee) or a member of the referee shows the "yellow-red card" by holding up the yellow and red card at the same time. In the case of a three-man jury, the same rules apply as in the case of a yellow card warning (majority of votes, including the vote of the mat president).

A wrestler, coach, supervisor, timekeeper or list keeper can also see the red card immediately if he:

• behaves in a grossly unsportsmanlike manner,
• threatens or insults an active person, functionary, members of the sports organization (including the sports judges), referees or spectators
• commits assault against active players, officials, members of the sports body (including the sports judges), referees or spectators.

Yellow-red and red cards must be noted and justified in the protocol.

Roller hockey

A red card in roller hockey means that the culprit is excluded from the rest of the game. It is imposed on players, coaches or other officials of a team. The person concerned must leave the field of play and the reserve bench. A direct red card will be issued for the following offenses:

• In the event of threat or insult, also through hurtful words or obscene gestures towards spectators, main referees, officials at the timekeeping table, players and officials of their own or other teams,
• If there is an attempted or completed attack,
• If one reacts aggressively or violently to an attack or tries to do so,
• Any other violent or brutal act.
• If the opponent is threatened, pushed or even attempted to attack him, although the game is not cleared (break, game interruption or end of game),
• If an opponent is run into and thrown to the ground,
• If an opponent is violently beaten on unprotected parts of the body (trunk, hands, arms, legs and knees),
• If you intentionally hook your stick into your opponent's roller skate and cause him to fall to the ground,
• If you throw objects onto the field of play towards the ball, main referee, opponent or teammate,
• If you provoke the audience with offensive gestures or expressions or
• If another serious or gross foul is committed while serving a time penalty and play has resumed.

If the goalkeeper, player or head coach is shown the blue card three times, he will also receive the red card. Each time he receives a direct red card, his team has to play with one man less for 4 minutes.

Bike ball

A red card means the exclusion of the player or the team manager. It must be given by the commissioner if a gross unsportsmanlike conduct has been committed. There is gross unsportsmanlike conduct if:

• a player hindered an opponent by grossly breaking the rules,
• a player or coach takes action against players, officials or spectators,
• a player or supervisor insults the commissioner,
• a player or supervisor throws or hits the ball against the commissioner, or
• a player intentionally drives or bumps into the commissioner

If a player commits an offense, which means the second yellow card, he is expelled from the field by the commissioner with a yellow-red card. The team has to play with one man less for the rest of the game. For this reason, the game has to be stopped with the 2-player bike ball, since there is always to be played with 2 players (therefore there is no time penalty for this variant either). The game is scored with 0: 5 goals (unless the opponent achieves a better result). In the case of a 5-a-side ball, the game is aborted if three players have been excluded. The game is rated 0: 3 (unless there is a better result achieved by the opponent). If a substitute player or supervisor is sent off with the red card, the team must fetch any player from the field for 2 minutes. If a player receives a direct red card, he is banned for at least 2 games.

rugby

In rugby, the red card means expulsion of the guilty player. His team plays with one man less the rest of the time. The red card is issued in the event of serious violations of rule 10 of the IRB regulations. A player also sees the red card if he receives his 2nd yellow card in the same game.

Table tennis

The red card has several meanings in table tennis. A referee can impose penalty points on a guilty player for repeated violations. He shows him a yellow and a red card at the same time.

If a player is improperly advised by a person or advises someone inappropriately after a warning in the same team match or game, the referee will remove him from the playing area (the box) by showing the person concerned a red card. It is irrelevant whether the person is warned or not.

A head judge can disqualify the player if the player behaves in a grossly unfair or offensive manner. It does not matter whether this issue was presented by an arbitrator. The head referee can disqualify the player for a game, for the competition in question or even for the entire event. He shows the guilty player the red card.

If a player has been disqualified for 2 single or double games in a team or individual competition, he will also be automatically disqualified for this team or individual competition.

The head judge can also disqualify someone if he or she has been expelled from the box twice in the same competition.

volleyball

In 2013, the card rules for volleyball were standardized with those for beach volleyball . Since the change, the red card means a penalty for the player or coach. His team loses the right to serve and the opposing team also receives a point. The penalty is given when a team member behaves improperly for the first time. It is also given on repeated delays. As a reminder, the referee holds the red card in front of his other arm. Before the rule change, the red card meant a suspension of the player or the coach. Now it is pronounced by showing the yellow and red cards in one hand at the same time. The player or the coach must stay in a predetermined penalty area for the remainder of the game and may not intervene in the game for the rest of the game. A suspension is given if a team member behaves improperly for the second time or is insulted for the first time. In beach volleyball, where only 2 players per team play, the team loses the set because it is incomplete. In the event of a disqualification, the player or coach is shown the yellow and red cards separately at the same time. Before the change, the referee showed the yellow and red cards in one hand at the same time. The person concerned must leave the field of play and the spectator area. The disqualification is imposed if an assault has been committed, if a member behaves insultingly for the second time or if a member behaves improperly for the third time. In the event of a suspension or disqualification, the team does not face any further sanctions such as loss of service or points for opponents. The suspended or disqualified player must be replaced by a change. However, if a change is not possible, the team is incomplete and thus loses the game set. If the team is also incomplete in the next set, they lose the entire game. In beach volleyball, the team loses the game as a result of the disqualification, as the player can no longer participate in the sets and the team therefore remains incomplete.

Green card

The green card is also used in some sports. It is used as a warning against the guilty player or team official (e.g. coach) if he has committed a minor offense and a severe punishment is not necessary.

hockey

Green hockey card

In field hockey , the green card means a warning for players or officials. Since 2011, players or coaches have been excluded from playing for 1 minute in indoor hockey or 2 minutes in field hockey at the international level. Since 2012, the green card in national and international field hockey has not only meant a warning for players or coaches, but also means that the game is excluded from the game for 2 minutes. The team has to play with one man less. In indoor hockey , the green card was used as a warning until the rule change in November 2016. Since November 2016, the meaning of the green card has been changed so that it only means that the game is excluded from play for 1 minute. This regulation was implemented nationally as well as internationally. Warnings are only given orally due to the spatial proximity. A green card is shown for any clearly deliberate rule violation, in particular

• in the event of an illegal attack on the body or stick of an opponent,
• in the case of complaints that go beyond a first reaction that can still be perceived as appropriate in terms of volume or gestures, and comparable bad behavior such as constant complaining, crowd formation, insults, etc.,
• when throwing away the stick or other piece of equipment,
• if the immediate execution of an imposed game penalty is prevented, e.g. B. by deliberately knocking the ball away when free hits or not maintaining the prescribed minimum distance,
• when an attack is interrupted by playing the ball above shoulder height or
• if the defending player, when executing a 7-yard ball, prevents a goal from being scored by leaving the goal line or by moving one or both feet before the ball has been played.

A green card can be imposed on the guilty player, the supervisor, the guilty substitute, but also directly on the captain if his team behaves in an unsportsmanlike manner and a green card is therefore required. If a player already has a green card and commits another offense that warrants a green card, he will be shown the yellow card after seeing the green card for the second time. A maximum of 2–3 green cards are recommended per team. The green hockey card is usually triangular in shape.

Canoe polo

In canoe polo, the green card means a warning for a player, team manager or team official. The punished person should be reminded by the warning that he has to behave correctly, otherwise he risks a yellow or red card. The referee holds up the green card and at the same time points with the other arm at the person concerned.

A green card must be given:

• if an intentional or dangerous foul has occurred and no yellow or red card is given,
• if a player, team manager or the team official enters into unnecessary exchanges with the referee, opponent or an official and no yellow or red card is given,
• if a player, team manager or team official behaves in an unsportsmanlike manner and no yellow or red card is given,
• if the coach or team manager leaves his coaching zone during the game or
• if a team manager or the team official leaves the manager zone during the game.

A player may receive a maximum of one green card. If a coach or team manager or team official is cautioned with the green card, the caution applies to all coaches and supervisors of the team at the same time. The team can receive up to 3 green cards. The fourth green card means a yellow card. If the coach or the team official has received the fourth green card, the team captain is penalized with a yellow card.

A team warning can also be issued against a team. The referee warns all players with a green card, unless 3 green cards have been shown. If a player has already seen the green card, he receives the yellow card.

A team warning is issued:

• if more than one player on the same team commits the same deliberate or dangerous foul, or
• if more than one player on the same team is responsible for unnecessary exchanges with the referee, an opponent or an official, or
• if more than one player on the same team behaves in an unsportsmanlike manner.

The number of green cards is not reset throughout the game. Therefore, if there are several fouls, the yellow card can be given immediately. In the last minute of the game, no more green cards are awarded, instead offenses are automatically punished with the yellow card if an immediate red card is not shown.

White or blue card

With the Bandy, the white and blue cards are used to indicate a time penalty. White: 5 minutes, blue: 10 minutes.

Bandy

In the sport of bandy , in accordance with rule 17 of the bandy rules, in addition to the yellow and red cards, the white and blue cards are also used. They indicate a time penalty.

The white card indicates a time penalty of 5 minutes. It is imposed on the player if he

• changes irregularly or behaves improperly,
• plays without mandatory protective equipment,
• hinders the execution of a free hit by the opponent or if he takes the ball from the location of the free hit,
• ignores the distance of 5 meters within 5 seconds with a free hit or corner hit and his team has already received a warning beforehand,
• Interferes with an opponent who does not have the ball and his team has already received a warning. He will also be punished for engaging in a sabotage-like position,
• plays with or without a broken stick,
• picks up and removes broken parts of his stick that are not on ice,
• or his team does not come on the ice when instructed to do so by the referee
• repeatedly commits an offense, which is why the team has already received a yellow card.

The blue card indicates a time penalty of 10 minutes. It is imposed on the player when the player

• Commits a dangerous or violent attack on a player by deliberately running into the opposing player, holding him, attacking the opponent's knee or leg, hitting his skat or striking him with a stick,
• protests against a referee's decision,
• knowingly throws his stick or an object at the ball or another player. If this offense is committed by a player on the team bench, the player will be punished for it and the team will still have to play with one player less for 10 minutes,
• behaves in an unsportsmanlike manner towards players, coaches, officials or spectators,
• plays the ball even though a new signal has been given because a 5 meter distance has been requested,
• Gaining an advantage by playing or stopping the ball with a high stick, hand, arm, head, or other illicit means.
• makes a mistake. It is also a faulty substitution when the team has too many players on the field. The player must leave the field of play for 10 minutes and must serve the penalty in full. A shortening, for example because of a goal, is not possible.

If a player receives the white or blue card, he must leave the field of play and wait by the penalty box near the center line until his time has been served. The player may not be replaced.

Soccer

In Austria, the blue card is used instead of the yellow card in the youth sector. It means a time penalty of 10 minutes. The warning is issued as an oral admonition. The blue card can only be shown once against the player. If the player who saw the blue card commits another offense, which is worthy of a blue card, he will be expelled from the field with a blue-red card. The blue-red card represents a game penalty, there is no suspension. If a youth player is referred directly with the red card, this will in most cases lead to a ban.

At the Clericus Cup Football Association, the blue card is also used for a 5 minute bench penalty imposed for unsportsmanlike play.

Handball

The blue card will be introduced in handball from July 1, 2016. It is shown by the referees after the red card and means that a player or official has been disqualified with a written report according to rule 8: 6 or 8:10. It results in an automatic lock. Players, officials, timekeepers and secretaries, spectators and the media should now also immediately recognize that this is a disqualification with a written report. In the event of a disqualification, the referees must inform the team officials of both clubs, as well as the timekeeper and secretary, with a written report by the end of June 2016.

Roller hockey

A blue card means a time penalty in roller hockey. It is shown in the event of serious fouls by the goalkeeper, player or the head coach by the main referee. This is a personal punishment. If the goalkeeper or player receives a blue card, he must sit down on one of the chairs set up between his team bench and the timekeeping table and complete his time penalty. At the same time, the team has to play with one man less (“power play”). If the same player receives another blue card, he has to serve another two minutes from that point in addition to his time penalty. He can then be put back into the reserve bench and then put back into play, unless it was his third blue card. If a goal is scored against the team that has been punished with a power play, the team may complement each other with another player on the field of play. If the coach receives a blue card, his team must take down a player and play undernumbered for two minutes. However, since the coach is not excluded in time and there is no penalty for the player, the player is allowed to sit on the reserve bench and does not have to take a seat at the timekeeper's table. He can also switch with another player at any time. If a goal falls against the team, the shortage is over. A team must have three players on the field. If a time penalty has been imposed and there are only two players left on the field, the team must bring a player from the reserve bench onto the field. If there are no more players, the game will be stopped prematurely by the referees.

A goalkeeper, player or the head coach is generally shown a blue card if he:

• protests or does not agree to a referee's decision and also makes this known publicly (shaking his head, verbally, through gestures, etc.)
• commits an offense repeatedly after the person has already received a warning from the main referee (standing on the team bench, preventing the game from continuing, which is why it has to be repeated, etc.),
• Addresses an opponent, teammate, referee or spectator aggressively or inappropriately,
• yells at or mocks the opponent, team-mate, spectator or main referee,
• deliberately moving the gate housing,
• blocks, pushes, or attacks the opponent in a dangerous manner (this also includes robust attacks against the boards or the edge of the playing field so that the player falls),
• Strikes the unprotected body parts of the opponent (trunk, hands, arms, legs or knees) without violence,
• unbalances an opponent so that he falls down,
• unintentionally hooks the stick into the opponent's roller skate, even if the opponent does not fall,
• Holds the opponent's stick or hits it to prevent a shot on goal,
• as a goalkeeper outside the penalty area intentionally plays the ball with gloves or leg guards
• makes a mistake.

If the goalkeeper, player or head coach receives the blue card for the third time, the main referees also show the person concerned the red card. The person is excluded for the rest of the game and has to leave the field of play and the surrounding area. If another team member commits the above offenses, the main referees show that person directly the red card. The team then has to play with one man less for four minutes. If the red card was awarded for three blue cards, the team only plays two minutes with one man less, since the time penalty was triggered by the blue card.

Black card

fencing

A black card means in fencing the exclusion of the guilty fencer.

In fencing, the black card means disqualification of the fencer or the person punished. A black card is given in fencing if the guilty fencer repeatedly commits a serious offense according to group 3 by

• fights unfairly (additional hit cancellation),
• disturbs order on the track (this also applies to other people who disturb order on the track),
• violates advertising regulations,
• does not wear equipment that is prescribed by the FIE rules during warm-up or training
• behaves in an unsportsmanlike manner

If the fencer or another person commits an extremely serious offense according to group 4, he will be punished with the black card for the first offense. He is committing an extremely serious offense if he:

• uses electronic means of communication that enable him to receive instructions during combat,
• uses counterfeit equipment or control marks that have been imitated or transferred,
• manipulates the equipment so that hits can be recorded or hit display not triggered at will,
• refuses to fight with a regularly registered fencer in an individual or team fight,
• offends the athletic spirit,
• as a fencer refuses to greet his opponent, the referee and the spectators before the start of the fight and after the last hit (i.e. the end of the fight).
• profits from an agreement or favors the opponent,
• intentionally acts brutally (additional hit cancellation) or
• if he does doping

If the fencer receives a black card, he will be disqualified from the bout and excluded from the competition. In the official tournament record, the guilty fencer will be deleted by the name and replaced by the word " FENCER EXCLUDED ". There is an exception, however, with the black P card.

If one or both fencers already have two red P-cards from the fourth interruption due to passivity (offense after group 0), the referee issues a black P-card. If only one fencer has two red P cards from the 4th passivity offense, only he is punished with the black P card. If both fencers are disqualified because of the black P-card, in an individual competition - direct elimination of the fencer, the battle that has scored more hits during the battle wins. If there is a tie, the fencer with the better initial entry ranking, which is based on the FIE ranking list, wins the battle. The fencer in question has been excluded from the competition with the black P card. All further bouts of the fencer at fault will be counted as lost. However, the points scored remain.

If a fencer receives the black P-card in a team competition, he may be replaced by a substitute fencer. However, this is only possible if there was no change for tactical or medical reasons. After the substitute fencer has made the change, no further changes can be made for tactical or medical reasons. If the team does not have a substitute fencer or can no longer change it, it loses the team fight after the black P card has been issued. The same thing happens if the substitute fencer who has been substituted commits another passive offense. He then immediately sees the black P-card and is excluded. The team loses the team fight. If both teams receive the black P-card and neither of them can use a substitute fencer, the team with a higher score wins the team fight. In the event of a tie, the team with the better initial entry placement (based on the FIE ranking) wins the battle.

Gaelic football and hurling

In the sport of Gaelic Football, a black card - also known as a "tick" or "black book" - is used to punish and record cynical offenses by players for which a yellow card is not sufficient. The referee shows his black notebook as a physical act in the same way as he holds the other cards from the GAA .

A player who sees the black card was expelled from the field for the remainder of the game until the end of February 2020. If he only saw the black card, he may be replaced. The team may replace a maximum of 3 players who saw a black card during the entire game, including overtime. It must be noted, however, that the substitute change is counted among the 6 normal changes that a team has in the entire game. In the event of an extension, the team receives three more normal changes. If the exchange quota is exhausted, a player can no longer be replaced when he receives the black card. The team has to play with one man less for the rest of the game.

Since the rule change at the beginning of March 2020, the black card is now a time penalty of 10 minutes. As in rugby, it is called "Sin Bin" because the player has to serve his time penalty on a penalty bench. However, this only works if the player has not seen a yellow card before. If the suspended player is a field player, he may not be replaced during the time penalty. If the goalkeeper has been put out, the team can either replace him with one of the normal player changes (reduced from 6 to 5) or a field player with the same goalkeeper color must take over his role for as long. If the substitution quota is exhausted, a field player must replace the goalkeeper.

The time penalty begins when the game continues. The player can only return to the field of play when the next game interruption has taken place after the time penalty has expired and the referee has given his consent to entering the field of play. If a suspended player enters the field of play without permission during the penalty time, he will be warned by the referee with a yellow card. However, if a player has already received a yellow card and now sees the black card, he will continue to be expelled from the field with the red card for the rest of the playing time. It must not be replaced. The same applies if a player receives another yellow or black card during his penalty time. He is then also expelled from the field with the red card and may not be replaced for the rest of the game.

A player sees the black card if he:

• deliberately pulls an opponent down,
• deliberately tripping an opponent with his hand, arm, knee or foot,
• deliberately causing the opponent to collide with his body after he has played the ball or by intending to take the opponent out of play by moving.
• insults or threatens a teammate or opponent with provocative language or gestures or
• protests against a decision by the match official (referee, umpire, etc.).

If a player in the National League or Senior Championship receives three black cards within a season, he will be banned from one game. A player is suspended for two games if he receives the yellow card or the yellow and black cards twice in the game and sees the red card as a result.

On February 29, 2020, it was decided at the GAA congress that there will be no black card in the sport of hurling. The majority of those who voted were against an introduction.

See also

• List of flag signs in motorsport
• Flags in American football

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Ken Aston - inventor of the yellow and red cards ; fifa.com. Retrieved September 30, 2010.
2. ↑ ^{a b} Rules of Bandy (English) . internationalbandy.com. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
3. ↑ ^{a b c} Overview of rule violations and penalties. German Fencing Association, accessed on May 20, 2020 . 
4. ↑ ^{a b} The football rules 2019/2020 . dfb.de. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
5. ↑ ^{a b} Rule 16 of the handball rules . handballregel.de. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
6. ↑ ^{a b c d} Field Hockey Rules 2012/13 (PDF; 517 kB) hockey.de. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
7. ↑ Indoor hockey rules 2011 (PDF; 555 kB) hockey.de. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
8. ↑ ^{a b c} German Canoe Association eV - E-WKR-Canoe-Polo 2019 draft_Endfassung.pdf . kanu.de. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
9. ↑ ^{a b} Change of regulations 09 with sanction cards . buschreiter.de. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved October 10, 2010. 
10. ↑ ^{a b} Patrick Maier: Regulations for a two-man bike ball. In: rad-net.de. Association of German Cyclists (BDR), accessed on June 17, 2020 . 
11. ↑ ^{a b} Patrick Maier: Regulations for the 5-person bike ball. In: rad-net.de. Association of German Cyclists (BDR), accessed on June 17, 2020 . 
12. ↑ Legal and Penal Code. In: ringen.de. Deutscher Ringer Bund (DRB), October 19, 2019, accessed on August 10, 2020 . 
13. ↑ Table tennis rules Part B on Tischtennis.de
14. ↑ ^{a b} Rules of Volleyball 2017-2020 (PDF; 3.8 MB) fivb.org. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
15. ↑ ^{a b} Beach volleyball rules 2017 - 2020 (PDF; 2.5 MB) fivb.org, accessed on November 15, 2017 (German). 
16. ↑ German Athletics Association : Change of rules IWR 2018. November 21, 2017, accessed on April 2, 2018 . 
17. ↑ International competition rules (PDF; 3.5 MB )kreis28.de. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
18. ↑ Yellow / red card in rugby on youtube.com
19. ↑ Overview of rule changes adopted by the International Handball Federation
20. ↑ DRIV - German Roller Sports & Inline Association e. V .: Rules of the game for roller hockey 2018. In: rollhockey.de. September 1, 2018, accessed March 22, 2020 . 
21. ↑ Black card for a fencer
22. ↑ GAA throw caution to wind and abandon black books . In: Irish Independent . 
23. ↑ Guide to new the Gaelic Football playing rules. Retrieved March 5, 2020 . 
24. ↑ No black card for hurling. Retrieved March 5, 2020 .