Hurling
Hurling ( Irish : Iomáint , Iománaíocht ) is a team sport of Celtic origin that is played with clubs and a ball. It is played mainly in Ireland and is one of the fastest team sports in the world. There are parallels to the Scottish Shinty . The women's variant of hurling is called camogie . The aim of the game is to score more goals and points than the opposing team. A team consists of 15 players.
Playground equipment
Each player is equipped with a bat called a Hurley or Camán , which is traditionally made from ash wood . It has a length of 45-100 cm. The striking end is wider than the handle and is called the bas . In the goalkeeper's hurley , the bas is usually larger than that of the outfield player. The ball is called a sliotar and is made of leather. It has a diameter of 69–72 mm and weighs between 110 and 120 grams. A well-hit ball can reach up to 150 km / h and fly a good 80 meters. To protect against injuries, wearing a plastic helmet with face protection has been mandatory for all age groups since 2011.
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matchfield
The playing field is rectangular and has a length of 130-145 meters and a width of 80-90 meters. There is an H-shaped goal in the middle of the two base lines of the playing field. The distance between the goal posts is 6.50 meters. The goalposts are at least 7 meters high. A crossbar runs between the goal posts at a height of 2.50 meters. The part below is called the "gate". The goal nets are attached to the crossbar and the goal post. There are 2 rectangles around the gates. The smaller one is 14 meters wide and 4.50 meters long (goal area). The larger one is 19 meters wide and 13 meters long (penalty area). There is also a 20-meter line and a 65-meter line. The dimensions of the playing field and the goals are smaller in youth games.
Teams and playing time
Each team consists of 15 players: a goalkeeper, two corner-backs , a full-back , three half-backs , two midfielders , three half-forwards , two corner-forwards and a full-forward . The players are numbered 1–15. The goalkeeper must be different from the field players in the color of his clothing. A maximum of 5 substitutions are allowed during the game. In the event of extra time, 3 additional substitutions are allowed. For inter-county championship games, the playing time is 2 × 35 minutes. Otherwise the game is usually played twice for 30 minutes. If extra time is played, the additional playing time is 2 × 10 minutes. The timekeeping is the responsibility of the referee, who also decides on any stoppage time due to interruptions.
The game
The game is started by a throw-in by the referee at the center line. With the exception of 2 players on each team, all players must be behind the 65-meter lines.
If the ball is on the ground, it must be picked up off the ground with the hurley , hit, or kicked . It is not allowed to pick up the ball from the ground by hand. The most elegant option is to use the hurley to lift the ball off the ground into the air and then continue playing with one stroke. If a player catches the ball in the air with his hand, he may run 4 steps with the ball in his hand or alternatively hold it for 4 seconds (wording usually: the time it takes to take 4 steps). The Bas of Hurley may also be used to carry the ball. However, this requires a high degree of skill. Throwing the ball is considered a technical foul, but the ball may be hit with the flat of the hand and thus passed.
It is permitted to attack the opposing player in possession of the ball. It is not allowed to hit with the Hurley . Also not allowed are jersey pulling, tripping, pushing with the hands or wrestling down the opponent. After a foul, play is continued with a so-called free puck from the place of the foul. The executing player lifts the ball from the ground into the air with a hurley and then hits it. If a defender fouls in his own large square in front of the goal, there is a penalty from the middle of the 20-meter line. In addition to the goalkeeper, 2 other players from the defending team may stand on the goal line. The execution is the same as with the free puck .
The game continues with a so-called puck-out from the small rectangle when a team has scored a goal or a point or when the attacking team plays the ball out of the goal. The puck-out is usually carried out by the goalkeeper and is hit out of the hand. The remaining players must be beyond the 20-yard line. If the defending team plays the ball out of the goal, the attacking team receives a free puck (from the ground) from the 65-meter line. If one team plays the ball into touch, the other team receives a sideline puck from the bottom of the touch line at the point where the ball left the field.
Goals and Points (Scores)
A goal is scored when the ball crosses the goal line between the goal posts below the crossbar. A point is scored when the ball crosses the goal line between the goal posts above the crossbar. A goal is worth 3 points. Goals and points can also be scored by hand. To do this, the ball must be in the air during the stroke with the hand. It is not allowed to carry or throw the ball over the goal line. If a player of the attacking team is in the small rectangle in front of the goal when the ball is played into the rectangle, a possible point or goal does not count and there is a free puck for the other team. Goals and points are counted separately in the format "(number of goals) - (number of points)". For example, the 1995 All Ireland final ended with “Clare 1-13 Offaly 2-8”. That means Clare scored one goal and 13 points and won 14 points (two goals and eight points) against Offalys with 16 points.
The referees
The referee is responsible for directing a game . He is supported by 2 line judges and 4 so-called umpires . At inter-county games there is also an official on the sidelines.
The referee makes all decisions about goals, points, penalties, etc. The decisions made are final (so-called factual decision ).
There is an umpire on each side of the gates . They can be recognized by their white coats. The task of the umpires is to indicate goals and points. A point is indicated by the raising of a white flag and a goal by the raising of a green flag. A free puck from the 65 meter line is indicated by raising one arm. If the attacking team fails ( wide ), the arms are crossed over the head.
The main task of the linesman is to indicate with a flag when and where the ball has left the field of play and which team is allowed to bring the ball back into play. The referee can override the decision of an umpire or linesman at any time.
history
Hurling was first mentioned in a description of the Battle of Moytura, which is said to have taken place in the 14th century BC. At that time, the Túatha Dé Danann defeated the Firbolg first in one game and later in a battle. The old Irish saga around Cúchulainn also provides a description of a hurling game.
The game is also mentioned in many other Irish sources, proving its popularity over the centuries. For example, the Brehon Laws provided penalties for injuring or killing people with hurleys or hurling balls. After the arrival of the English in the 12th century, there were several attempts to suppress and forbid the game. Kilkenny Parliament banned hurling in 1366 on the grounds that it would lead to neglect of military duties. The Galway statutes in 1527 renewed this prohibition. All of these bans did nothing to reduce the popularity of hurling. Reports of hurling games from 21 counties have survived from the 18th century. Hurling was particularly widespread in the rural areas of Munster and Leinster .
The great famine in the 1840s brought severe shocks to the social structures in the country and thus also to the spread of the game. Still, the eventual founder of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), Michael Cusack , saw hurling games in his native Clare in the 1850s . With the rise of nationalism in the 1880s, Ireland returned to traditional sports, and the founding of the GAA in 1884 ensured the survival of hurling as a popular sport.
The best hurling teams come from Counties Cork , Kilkenny and Tipperary . Since the 1980s, teams from Clare , Galway , Limerick , Offaly , Waterford and Wexford have increasingly appeared in the winners' lists of the hurling competitions. The most important hurling competition is the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , which has been played annually since 1887 in the knockout system. The final traditionally takes place in September at Croke Park in Dublin , and the winner receives the Liam MacCarthy Cup.
Outside the Irish island
In non-Irish Europe there is now a European hurling league. In 2015, 11 clubs competed against each other in several rounds in The Hague , Copenhagen , Dresden and Brussels . With Darmstadt GAA , an association without an Irishman started for the first time. The Belgian team won the overall standings ahead of the Viking Gaels and the team from The Hague. In 2016 championship rounds took place in Luxembourg , Darmstadt, Belgium , The Hague and Dresden with up to 12 teams.
Hurling is organized in Europe through the Gaelic Games Europe. German teams are organized in the German Association of Gaelic Sports .
Important rule changes are a reduced number of 9 players per team. The games usually take place on soccer fields. Up to 2 bonus points per tournament round are awarded for the use of "non-Irish born".
The All Ireland Final
There is an All Ireland Championship for senior and minor teams, with the minor teams consisting of players under the age of 18. The Senior Master receives the Liam MacCarthy Cup. For a full list of winners, see the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship article .
literature
- Marcus de Burca: The GAA - A History . Gill & Macmillan, Dublin 2000, ISBN 0-7171-3109-2 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hurling on irish-net.de, accessed June 7, 2018
- ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from March 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Results of the 2015 Continental European Hurling Championship.
- ↑ European Competition Regulations | Gaelic Games Europe . In: Gaelic Games Europe . ( gaelicgameseurope.com [accessed May 25, 2017]).
