Canoe polo

Canoe Polo World Cup 2010 Milan

Canoe polo duel

Start up

Fight for the ball

Fight for the ball

Player throwing at goal

Battle for the ball

Canoe polo is a team sport in which two teams of five players each compete against each other and which is played on a water surface. The players sit in small and agile one-man kayaks and try to get the ball into the opposing goal with their hand or paddle . It is played with a flying goalkeeper .

Canoe polo is a program sport at the World Games . A lively scene has formed in Germany in recent years and the sport is enjoying growing popularity. Over 100 clubs in Germany practice this sport, as well as a large number of clubs in other countries such as England, France, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium and Spain. Not only clubs play canoe polo, but schools and especially universities have also included it in their program.

Canoe polo is played in a rectangular playing field on calm waters . Two teams with five field players each compete in kayaks to try to get the ball into the opposing goal. A goal is counted when the ball has crossed the edge of the goal with its full circumference. The goals are in the middle of the two short sides of the pitch, 2 meters above the surface of the water. The player closest to the goal counts as the goalkeeper; this must not be attacked as long as the attackers are in possession of the ball. However, the defending player must lie with the stern of his boat under the goal in order to be recognized as a goalkeeper and thus to be under special protection. A team consists of a maximum of 8 players, 5 field players and up to 3 substitute players who can be substituted as often as they like at any time. The playing time is 2 times 10 minutes or 2 times 7 minutes with a half-time break of 3 minutes. The winner is the team that scored more goals. If the playoffs are undecided, a 5-minute extra time with the “ golden goal ” rule is played, several times if necessary, until a winner is determined. There is no longer a decision by decision throwing ( penalty throwing ).

matchfield

Canoe polo playing field

The size of the playing field is 23 × 35 meters, but it can also be reduced, especially in indoor pools. The playing field is limited by floating lines . The water depth must be at least 90 cm and the ceiling height 5 meters. The 1 × 1.5 meter goals are attached to the short sides of the playing field at a height of 2 meters (water surface up to the upper edge of the lower bar of the goal). The substitution area is located behind the respective outer goal line, with the exception of the area 4 meters from the center of the goal on both sides. On the edge of the field there are markings for the 6 meter zone, the center of the field and the position for the penalty throw (free throw without goalkeeper, 4.5 meters in front of the goals).

Material and equipment

For protection, the players wear life jackets and a helmet with a protective grille. Is played in special Canoe Polo -B ooten and that some are designed as ordinary paddle with polo paddles robust as they could quickly break through hard thrown balls. Often the paddles are made of carbon fiber or aramid (Kevlar) reinforced fiber composite materials in order to achieve high stability with as little weight as possible. The same applies to the boats, which are specially designed for maneuverability and stability. For a tight seal between the boat and the player, a so-called spray cover is worn , which is usually made of neoprene . The ball is made of nylon and has a roughened rubber coating so that you can grip it better in the water. There are women's and men's balls that differ in size and weight. The same balls are also used in water polo .

regulate

The ball can be played with both hands and a paddle. The ball must be returned within five seconds or played at least one meter horizontally away from the body. Any physical contact with the opponent is prohibited, including, of course, touching the opponent with the boat or the paddle. The exception to this is that the opponent who is currently controlling the ball may be pushed on the shoulder or side to capsize it. Every dangerous game is called a foul, including pushing into another boat or a floating line.

In the 6 meter space in front of the defending team's goal, you can push your opponents away with the boat. Outside this area, pushing and blocking the boat is prohibited unless a ball is being fought. To prevent injuries, ramming too hard in the middle of the boat is prohibited. You also have to watch out for the opposing goalkeeper, who must not be touched or hindered.

If the ball leaves the field of play (touch, goal clearance, center throw after goal, corner kick) an (indirect) free throw is taken. All fouls result in a (direct) free shot. Any rule violations that prevent an almost certain goal will be followed by a penalty . A player from the disadvantaged team may throw at the undefended goal from a distance of six meters. The remaining players of both teams have to go to the other half of the field and are only allowed to intervene again after the whistle.

Two referees whistle a game. They are supported by two line judges, two timekeepers and the secretary. There is also a boat inspector who checks the equipment before the game. In addition to the above-mentioned game penalties, the referees can also show cards: green - warning, yellow - two minutes' expulsion and red - expulsion until the end of the game, a game suspension and any other consequences.

tactics

In addition to physical fitness, the tactical aspect is also very important. Especially with teams that are physically strong, the right tactics decide between victory and defeat.

possible setup

The tactic is similar to that used in other ball sports. The style of play can best be compared with handball, water polo or basketball. An essential feature of canoe polo is that you can block paths in front of the gate with your own boat or push opponents away.

On the defensive, the teams usually opt for a ball-space defense in which the attackers' path to the goal or the pass path to a better-positioned teammate is blocked. The difficulty here is that the attackers are always outnumbered because the goalkeeper is involved in the attacking game. Different setup options exert more or less pressure on the attacking team, which should provoke risky maneuvers and thus loss of the ball. Under time pressure or when there is a close gap, a man-man defense is often chosen in which each attacker gets his own personal guard. The goalkeeper of the defending team also takes part. The chance of winning the ball is higher, but so is the risk of conceding a goal.

Teamwork and movement are particularly important on the offensive. Attempts can be made to create gaps on the defensive, to create an outnumbered game on one side or to push the opposing team together. The attackers must pay special attention to weak points in the defense and identify the weakest players. Possession of the ball is valuable; hasty goal throws rarely result in a goal. However, a large proportion of the goals are scored through counterattacks, which is why switching from defense to attack and vice versa is an elementary skill of a good team.

history

At the time when canoeists only drove races and covered long distances in expensive boats, people began to think about team sports. The Canoeing was so far not significant and this was also reflected in the low audience. Few were interested in going to a river and watching boats go by for a brief moment. To change this situation, one looked for successful team sports. Football was just about to become a popular sport and so it was decided to pursue a similar concept. So it was a matter of maneuvering canoeing onto a playing field and then having two teams fight for the ball and goals. And it is precisely this idea that canoeists in England have been pursuing for years. They called it canoe polo .

This idea was taken up in 1926 by the German Canoe Association (DKV) and the first rules of the game were announced, which were still very much based on football and water polo . It was played on a large field with a length of 90 to 120 meters and a width of 50 to 90 meters. The teams consisted of eleven field players and the ball was only allowed to be carried into slightly larger water polo goals with the paddle. The goalkeeper was the only player allowed to play the ball by hand. There was also an offside rule and played two times for 45 minutes, with a ten-minute break. The games took place in folding boats , which were well padded but quickly damaged. The first games took place in 1927 at the German Canoe Championship in Hamburg. In charge was the water sports club Hamburg Police, which played against a combination of Bremen and Berlin on the occasion of the German canoe championships. The first rule changes developed from this experience. All players were now allowed to play the ball by hand and it was only played 5 against 5. The pitch was reduced to 60-90 meters sideline and 40-60 meters goal line. The playing time was shortened to 2 times 30 minutes and the exclusion (expulsion from the field) was introduced. The ball could only be held in the hand for 3 seconds. In 1928 the first German championships were held in Potsdam , in which “WSA Police Hamburg” prevailed against “VFK Lübeck” and became the first German champion in canoe polo . The high repair costs and the beginning of the Second World War led to the temporary end of the still young sport in 1935.

Kanu-Polo drew attention to itself again in 1965 in the association organ of the DKV, the magazine Kanu-Sport , with a small note. We were looking for clubs interested in a new edition of the canoe polo . Thereupon, mainly a few clubs from the areas of North Rhine-Westphalia and Hamburg , including the pre-war clubs "KG Wanderfalke Essen" and "WSV Police Hamburg", registered. A polo unit boat was designed. It should be short, stable and very agile. Buffers at the ends should protect the boats from excessive damage in the event of unavoidable collisions in the game. The unit boat was designed, among other things, not to give any team an advantage during the game. A big factor, of course, was the question of cost. If you had had several types of boats, each boat would have been more expensive. In the case of larger quantities, however, the costs could be reduced considerably.

After the first demonstration games and a few tournaments, German championships were held again in Salzgitter in 1971 . It was not until 1989 that the DKV adopted the rules of the International Canoe Federation (ICF) and in 1991 the small field rules that are still valid today. Now they played on smaller fields and in short, light boats. This also made the sport much more attractive for spectators. For the first time in 1994 in Sheffield World Championships were held, in which the German men secured the title of runner-up. Since then, world and European championships have been held alternately every year, at the first world championships in Germany in 2002 in Essen, 27 nations from 6 continents competed. In 1995 the canoe polo Bundesliga was introduced for men and in 2008 for women. The most important competitions, however, are the World Games , which are held every four years and where canoe polo has been a program sport since 2001.

Competitions

Age classification

Pupil C	7 to 9 years There are no championships in this class
Student B	10 to 12 years
Student A	13 or 14 years
youth	15 or 16 years
U21	17 to 21 years
league	from 17 years The league has no upper age limit and in the Bundesliga and the lower leagues (league 2, league 4, etc.). divided.
Seniors A	32 to 39 years
Seniors B	40 to 49 years
Seniors C	50 to 59 years
Seniors D	from 60 years

In canoe polo, the competitions are not held in individual games, but in tournament form. This is mainly due to the short playing time of 20 minutes in relation to the journey. Clubs take part in many tournaments each year and also play at these tournaments in various performance classes. However, only the German championships are decisive for promotion or relegation from a class, the Bundesliga being an exception. Tournaments are usually organized as association tournaments, fun tournaments or university tournaments. Both a men's class and a women's class are played, and there are also pupil, youth and U21 classes. The fun and university tournaments are mostly "mixed", which means that at least one man and one woman per team must be on the field.

Bundesliga

The German Canoe Polo Bundesliga (performance class 1) has been held since 1995. It consists of 12 teams and is played on 5 match days a year. It is divided into 2 groups of 6 teams. The first 4 match days take place at selected Bundesliga clubs. A distinction is also made between “small” and “large” match days. On small game days, the two groups play in separate locations and on large game days, all teams play together. The 5th matchday will be played at the German championship, where the draws will take place and the season placements will be determined. The positions 11 and 12 are relegated and the first two in performance class 2 (LK2), which is played exclusively in the German championship, are promoted to the Bundesliga.

A women's Bundesliga has also been played since the 2008 season. In the first year, 8 women's teams are represented in the league. Here a table is played out on two match days (round-trip round).

From the 2019 season, the 2nd Bundesliga will be played in the men's class.

German championships

The German championship is held annually and takes place on a few days in August / September. Teams of the respective performance classes compete against each other and fight for promotion and relegation places as well as for the German championship. Each performance class consists of 12 teams with the exception of the women's Bundesliga, which contains 8 teams.

This is where the final round of the Bundesliga (men) is played, in which the first 8 teams play for the German championship and the last 4 for relegation and the final round of the Bundesliga (women). The last two teams of the Bundesliga are relegated to LK II.

In LK II, "everyone against everyone" is played in 2 groups. The game system for the intermediate and final round will be announced by the host in coordination with the head of department. The first two teams are promoted to class I, the last two are relegated to class III. The same game system also applies to all performance classes below. Only the rules for relegation and promotion differ. In LK III, as in the upper performance classes, the two best teams are promoted, but the last four (9th – 12th) are relegated.

Two options can be used for performance classes IV and V. Teams 1 to 4 are either promoted and 9 to 12 relegated, or there is still a relegation round. This allows teams from lower classes outside of the promotion round to promotion to LK III. With the second option, the first two teams of the LK IV and the relegation round rise.

In the pupils, youth and juniors classes, 5 to 7 teams play "everyone against everyone"; If there are more registered teams, this will also be divided into groups. If the number of 18 teams is permanently exceeded within 2 years, performance classes can be introduced.

German championships with venues

All German " Masters " from 1928 until today

year	DM No.	place	Men's	Ladies	Juniors	youth	student
1928	1.	Potsdam-Templiner See	Hamburg police	-----	-----	-----	-----
1929	2.	Hamburg-Outer Alster	Hamburg police	-----	-----	-----	-----
1930	3.	Breslau / Görlitz	KG Wanderfalke Essen	-----	-----	-----	-----
1931	4th	Duisburg-Wedau	KG Wanderfalke Essen	-----	-----	-----	-----
1932	5.	no championships were held
1933	6th	Berlin-Grünau	ACC Hamburg	-----	-----	-----	-----
1934	7th	Nuremberg Dutzendteich	KG Wanderfalke Essen	-----	-----	-----	-----
1969	1.	EAT Canoe polo criterion	KG Wanderfalke Essen	-----	-----	-----	-----
1970	2.	BREMEN-WERDERSEE Canoe polo criterion	WSA Police Hamburg	-----	-----	-----	-----
1971	1.	SALT GRID	WSA Police Hamburg	-----	-----	BW Schwalbe Hamburg	-----
1972	2.	WUPPERTAL-BEYENBURG	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen	-----	-----	VMW Berlin	-----
1973	3.	WUPPERTAL-BEYENBURG	1.Meidericher KC	-----	-----	BW Schwalbe Hamburg	-----
1974	4th	NETTETAL PRIZE AREA	KG Wanderfalke Essen	-----	-----	BW Schwalbe Hamburg	-----
1975	5.	HAMBURG-STADTPARKSEE	VMW Berlin	WSA Police Hamburg	VMW Berlin	BW Schwalbe Hamburg	-----
1976	6th	HANNOVER-MASCHSEE	WSA Police Hamburg	-----	KV Kiel	BW Schwalbe Hamburg	VMW Berlin
1977	7th	ESSEN-STEELE	VMW Berlin	-----	KV Kiel	VMW Berlin	VMW Berlin
1978	8th.	WUPPERTAL-BEYENBURG	1.Meidericher KC	-----	VMW Berlin	VMW Berlin	KV Kiel
1979	9.	BERLIN-GATOW	VMW Berlin	-----	VMW Berlin	VMW Berlin	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen
1980	10.	ESSEN-BALDENEYSEE	1.Meidericher KC	-----	VMW Berlin	VMW Berlin	WSV Benrath
1981	11.	HAMBURG-STADTPARKBAD	BW Schwalbe Hamburg	-----	Hamburger KC	-----	VMW Berlin
1982	12.	DUISBURG-WEDAU	BW Schwalbe Hamburg	-----	-----	KV Nuremberg	VMW Berlin
1983	13.	PORTA-WESTFALICA	BW Schwalbe Hamburg	-----	-----	NW Hamburg	VMW Berlin
1984	14th	ESSEN-BALDENEYSEE	BW Schwalbe Hamburg	-----	NW Hamburg	1.Meidericher KC	VMW Berlin
1985	15th	MUNICH-Oberschleissheim	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen	BW Schwalbe Hamburg	1.Meidericher KC	VMW Berlin	VMW Berlin
1986	16.	HANNOVER-MASCHSEE	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen	Hamburger KC	NW Hamburg	VMW Berlin	-----
1987	17th	BERLIN	VMW Berlin	BW Schwalbe Hamburg	VMW Berlin	KG Wanderfalke Essen	-----
1988	18th	EAT	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen	BW Schwalbe Hamburg	-----	-----	-----
1989	19th	HAMBURG-ALLERMÖHE	1.Meidericher KC	BW Schwalbe Hamburg	-----	NW Hamburg	-----
1990	20th	EAT last large field championship	1.Meidericher KC	Hamburger KC	-----	1.Meidericher KC	-----
1991	21st	HANNOVER-MASCHSEE First small field championship	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen	Göttingen PC	KC Rotation Berlin	1.Meidericher KC	-----
1992	22nd	MUNICH-Oberschleissheim	1.Meidericher KC	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen	KC Rotation Berlin	KG List Hanover	SC Grünau Berlin
1993	23.	EAT	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen	KG List Hanover	KC Rotation Berlin	NW Hamburg	WSV Quakenbrück
1994	24.	HAMBURG-ALLERMÖHE	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen	1.Meidericher KC	KC Pirate Bergheim	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen	KC North-West Berlin
1995	25th	BERLIN-GRÜNAU Introduction of the Bundesliga	VMW Berlin	MTV Munich	KSV Glauchau	WSV Quakenbrück	KC North-West Berlin
1996	26th	DUISBURG-WEDAU	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen	KG List Hanover	WSV Quakenbrück	WSF Liblar	KC North-West Berlin
1997	27.	GLAUCHAU	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen	KG List Hanover	WSV Quakenbrück	KC North-West Berlin	WSV Niederrh. Duisburg
1998	28.	MUNICH-Oberschleissheim	ESV Cottbus	MTV Munich	KC North-West Berlin	KC North-West Berlin	Calenberger CC
1999	29	ESSEN-BALDENEYSEE	1.Meidericher KC	KG List Hanover	KG Wanderfalke Essen	WSV DeWittsee	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen
2000	30th	BERLIN-GRÜNAU	1.Meidericher KC	KC Limmer Hanover	KG Wanderfalke Essen	KC North-West Berlin	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen
2001	31.	ESSEN-BALDENEYSEE	1.Meidericher KC	KC Limmer Hanover	KC North-West Berlin	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen	Göttingen PC
2002	32.	DUISBURG-WEDAU	WSF Liblar	KC Limmer Hanover	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen	Brunswick KC	KC Weather
2003	33.	ESSEN-BALDENEYSEE	WSF Liblar	VMW Berlin	KC North-West Berlin	1.Meidericher KC	KG Peregrine Falcon
2004	34.	DUISBURG-WEDAU	WSF Liblar	Göttingen PC	Brunswick KC	DJK Ruhrwacht	RSV Hannover
2005	35.	BERLIN-GRÜNAU	WSF Liblar	Göttingen PC	1.Meidericher KC	WSF Liblar	KG Peregrine Falcon
2006	36.	EAT	WSF Liblar	WSF Liblar	KC Radolfzell	VMW Berlin	WSF Liblar
2007	37.	BERLIN-GRÜNAU	KG Wanderfalke Essen	Göttingen PC	WSF Liblar	KC North-West Berlin	KC North-West Berlin
2008	38.	EAT Introduction of the women's Bundesliga	WSF Liblar	KC Wetter / Ruhr	KC North-West Berlin	KC North-West Berlin	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen
2009	39.	DUISBURG-WEDAU	KC North-West Berlin	KC North-West Berlin	KC North-West Berlin	KC North-West Berlin	KSV Havelbrüder
2010	40.	ESSEN-BALDENEYSEE	KC North-West Berlin	KC North-West Berlin	WSF Liblar	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen	VMW Berlin
2011	41.	BERLIN-GRÜNAU	WSF Liblar	Göttingen PC	KC Pirate Bergheim	KSV Havelbrüder	KSV Havelbrüder
2012	42.	ESSEN-BALDENEYSEE	Göttingen PC	KC North-West Berlin	KSV Havelbrüder	VMW Berlin	KSV Havelbrüder
2013	43.	ESSEN-BALDENEYSEE	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen	Göttingen PC	VMW Berlin	KSV Havelbrüder	KSV Havelbrüder
2014	44.	DUISBURG-WEDAU	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen	PSC Coburg	1.Meidericher KC	KSV Havelbrüder	KSV Havelbrüder
year	DM No.	place	Men's	Ladies	Men u21	youth	student
2015	45.	BERLIN-GRÜNAU	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen	SKG Hanau	KSV Havelbrüder	KSV Havelbrüder	KSV Havelbrüder
2016	46.	ESSEN-BALDENEYSEE	KC North-West Berlin	PSC Coburg	KSV Havelbrüder	KC North-West Berlin	KSV Havelbrüder
2017	47.	ESSEN-BALDENEYSEE	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen	PSC Coburg	KSV Havelbrüder	KSV Havelbrüder	WSF Liblar
2018	48.	DUISBURG-WEDAU	WSF Liblar	ACC Hamburg	KSV Havelbrüder	KSV Havelbrüder	KC Weather
2019	49.	BRANDENBURG ad Havel Introduction of the 2nd Bundesliga	WSF Liblar	ACC Hamburg	KSV Rothe Mühle Essen	1.Meidericher KC	KC Weather
2020	50.	ESSEN-BALDENEYSEE

World championships

World and European championships have been held in canoe polo since 1993. In the even years the world championships for men, women, men U21 and women U21 take place, in the odd years the European championships.

year	place	Men's	Ladies	U21 men	U21 women
1994	Sheffield / Great Britain	Australia	Australia
1996	Adelaide / Australia	Australia	Great Britain
1998	Aveiro / Portugal	Australia	Australia
2000	São Paulo / Brazil	Great Britain	Germany
2002	Essen / Germany	Great Britain	Germany	Germany	Germany
2004	Miyoshi / Japan	Netherlands	Great Britain	Spain
2006	Amsterdam / Netherlands	France	Germany	France
2008	Edmonton / Canada	Netherlands	Great Britain	Great Britain
2010	Milan / Italy	France	Great Britain	Germany	France
2012	Poznan / Poland	Netherlands	Germany	France	Germany
2014	Thury-Harcourt / France	France	Germany	France	Germany
2016	Syracuse / Italy	Italy	New Zealand	Great Britain	Germany
2018	Welland / Canada	Germany	Germany	Great Britain	Germany

European championships

year	place	Men's	Ladies	U21 men	U21 women
1993	Sheffield / Great Britain	Germany	Germany
1995	Rome / Italy	Great Britain	Germany
1997	Essen / Germany	France	Great Britain
1999	Mechelen / Belgium	France	Germany	Great Britain	France
2001	Bydgoszcz / Poland	Germany	Great Britain	France	Germany
2003	Kilcock / Ireland	Netherlands	Germany	Germany
2005	Madrid / Spain	Germany	Great Britain	Spain
2007	Thury-Harcourt / France	Netherlands	Germany	France	Germany
2009	Essen / Germany	Italy	Great Britain	Germany	France
2011	Madrid / Spain	France	Great Britain	France	Germany
2013	Poznan / Poland	Germany	Germany	France	Germany
2015	Essen / Germany	Germany	Germany	France	Germany
2017	Saint-Omer / France	Spain	Germany	Great Britain	Germany
2019	Coimbra / Portugal	Germany	Great Britain	Germany	Germany

World Games

Men's

year	place	gold	silver	bronze
2005	Duisburg / Germany	Netherlands	Germany	Great Britain
2009	Kaohsiung / Chinese Taipei	France	Netherlands	Australia
2013	Cali / Colombia	Germany	France	Italy
2017	Wroclaw / Poland	Germany	Italy	Spain

Ladies

year	place	gold	silver	bronze
2005	Duisburg / Germany	Germany	Great Britain	Japan
2009	Kaohsiung / Chinese Taipei	Great Britain	Germany	France
2013	Cali / Colombia	Germany	Great Britain	France
2017	Wroclaw / Poland	Germany	France	Italy

University sports

At some universities , canoe polo is part of the regular sports program. In addition to sports training, competitions are also held here. This includes a variety of fun tournaments, a country cup and the German university championships every year . In university tournaments, the matches are usually played mixed (at least one woman and one man on the field) and depending on the event, the playing time is shortened to 7 minutes per half. University sports are a good opportunity to get an insight into the sport of canoe polo and to take part in competitions.

Universities where canoe polo is played:

RWTH Aachen Free University of Berlin Technical University Berlin Bielefeld University Technical University of Braunschweig University of Bremen Clausthal University of Technology Darmstadt University of Technology Technical University Dresden Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg Georg-August-University Goettingen University of Hamburg

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hanover Heidelberg University Christian Albrechts University in Kiel German Sport University Cologne HTWK Leipzig Philipps University of Marburg Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Westphalian Wilhelms University University of Potsdam Rostock University Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Ulm University

literature

• Beasley, Ian: Canoe Polo . Stern Turn Publishing , Victoria (Australia) 2006, ISBN 0-646-46661-5 .

Web links

Commons : Canoe polo  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Link catalog on canoe polo at curlie.org (formerly DMOZ )
• The official website for canoe polo in Germany. on kanupolo.de
• Competition regulations (Germany) on kanupolo.de
• Competition regulations (international) on canoeicf.com
• International Canoe Federation on canoeicf.com
• official website of the canoe polo Bundesliga on bundesliga.kanupolo.de
• Information about canoe polo at kanupoloweb.de
• Pictures: EM 2009 / WM2010 / DM 2010 / Bundesliga on kanupolo-villingen.de
• Pictures: WM2010 and general canoe polo pictures on kanupoloteam.de
• Images: WM2010 / DM 2010 on kanupolo-stuttgart.de
• Kanu-Klub Minden eV on kanupolo.org
• Canoe polo Zurich on kanupolo.ch
• KanuPolo in Vienna on kanupolo.at
• Homepage on canoepolo.com
• Results of the EM 2013 on kayakpl.com

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Results. Canoe Polo Syracuse, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
2. ↑ Ranking - Canoe Polo Saint-Omer 2017 . In: Canoe Polo Saint-Omer 2017 . ( canoepolosaintomer2017.fr [accessed September 22, 2017]).
3. ↑ - Results kayak polo. Retrieved September 1, 2019 . 
4. ↑ ^{a b} Canoe | IWGA. Retrieved September 22, 2017 .