Dmitri Ivanovich Pawluzki

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Dmitri Ivanovich Pawluzki ( Russian Дмитрий Иванович Павлуцкий , * in Tobolsk , Russian Empire ; † March 14, 1747 at Anadyrski Ostrog , Chukotka , Russian Far East ) was a Russian officer and explorer. In the first half of the 18th century he led several war campaigns by the Russians to subjugate indigenous Siberian peoples and died in the fight against the Chukchi .

Life

Dmitri Pawluzki came from a Polish noble family, whose ancestor Jan Pawluzki came to Siberia in 1622 . He was sent in 1727 with the rank of captain at the head of 400 Cossacks from Tobolsk to the Far East to incorporate Chukotka into the Russian Empire and to subdue the Chukchi. The military operation, which was led by the Yakut Cossack Afanassi Shestakov , was initially unsuccessful, also because Shestakov and Pavluzki operated independently of one another. While Pavluzki concentrated some of his forces in the Anadyrski Ostrog, Shestakov destroyed some of the local settlements with ships coming from Okhotsk . On March 14, 1730, however, Shestakov was killed in the Battle of the Egach (today Shestakova) by Chukchi. In the spring of 1731, Pavluzki marched on the Chukchi Peninsula and defeated the Chukchi in three skirmishes. In 1732 the actions of the Russian troops were directed against the Koryaks and again against the Chukchi. Although he proceeded with extreme brutality against the underdogs, burning the settlements, killing the men, enslaving women and children and robbing the Chukchi and Koryaks with the reindeer herds of the economic basis of their livelihoods, he was unable to get them to submit to the Russians. At the end of the year he was sent to Yakutsk. In 1733 he was promoted to major there .

Then Pawluzki was commanded to support Vasily Merlin to Kamchatka , where an Itelmen uprising had broken out as early as 1731 . It managed to end the uprising, including by forbidding the Cossacks to take locals as slaves. Pawluzki actively supported the Itelmens turning to agriculture and cattle breeding and introduced the first cattle .

From 1740 to 1742 Pavluzki was voivode in Yakutsk. In 1742 he was again commanded to Chukotka to intervene on the side of the Koryaks in their armed conflicts with the Chukchi. After initial successes, the Russians were defeated by the Chukchi on March 14, 1747 south of Markowa at the mouth of the Orlowa. Pavluzki and most of his men were killed. In the following years , especially after Catherine II ascended the throne in 1762, the Russians refrained from taking military action against the Chukchi. In 1766 they gave up the Anadyrski Ostrog. In 1778 a peace treaty was signed, which secured the Chukchi extensive autonomy.

Dmitri Pavluzky's campaigns also brought the Russians new knowledge of the geography of the Far East. Several maps of the area go back to him.

The ethnographic Jesup North Pacific Expedition collected legends and chants of the Chukchi around 1900. It turned out that the memory of Pavluzki was now deeply anchored in Chukchi folklore . In the legends that tell of a ruthless warrior who is almost immortal due to his iron chain armor , he is nicknamed "Jakunin", which means "merciless murderer" in Chukchi.

literature

  • Wassili Yegorowitsch Rudakov: Pavluzki (Dmitri) . In: Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона - Enziklopeditscheski slowar Brokgausa i Jefrona . tape 22 a [44]: Оуэн – Патент о поединках. Brockhaus-Efron, Saint Petersburg 1897, p. 575 (Russian, full text [ Wikisource ] PDF ).
  • AA Polowzow: Pavluzki , Dmitri Ivanovich. In: Russian Biographical Dictionary. Volume 13, 1902, pp. 101-102 (Russian full text [Wikisource]).
  • TS Shentalinskaia: “Major Pavlutskii”: From History to Folklore. From the Materials collected by the American North-Pacific Expedition. In: SEEFA Journal. Volume 7, No. 1, 2002, doi: 10.17161 / folklorica.v7i1.3714 , pp. 3–21 (English, journals.ku.edu PDF; 373 kB).

Web links

  • А. С. Зуев, Е. Н. Туманик: Павлуцкий, Дмитрий Иванович. In: History Lexicon of Siberia. 2009 (Russian, irkipedia.ru )

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ А. С. Зуев, Е. Н. Туманик: Павлуцкий, Дмитрий Иванович. In: History Lexicon of Siberia. 2009.
  2. ↑ Jaanus Paal: Kamchatka Story. An example of Russia's conquering policy and colonization history. In: Tartumaa Muuseumi Toimetised. No. 2, Tartu 1993 (English, botany.ut.ee short version).
  3. ↑ Shentalinskaia: “Major Pavlutskii”: From History to Folklore. From the Materials collected by the American North-Pacific Expedition. 2002.
  4. ↑ “Pavlutsky's Campaign” Walrus Tusk in the “Digital Museum of Contemporary History of Russia” (English)
personal data
SURNAME Pavluzki, Dmitri Ivanovich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Павлуцкий, Дмитрий Иванович (Russian name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian officer and explorer
DATE OF BIRTH before 1727
PLACE OF BIRTH Tobolsk , Russian Empire
DATE OF DEATH March 14, 1747
Place of death near Anadyrski Ostrog , Tschukotka , Russian Far East