Dual power
The dual power (also Biarchie , outdated dyarchy ) is a form of domination . It exists when an institution or organization has two equal leaders who often have different but complementary areas of responsibility depending on their strengths and context. Dual rule is the interweaving of two interconnected, interdependent, but also institutionally conflicting powers.
Dual power constellations in the public sector
Examples in antiquity are the double kingship of the united Romans and Sabines , as well as the hereditary double kingship of two royal houses in Sparta . A contemporary example is the Principality of Andorra , a parliamentary monarchy headed by two electoral monarchs : the French President ( France as successor to the Counts of Foix ), elected by the French people, and the Spanish Bishop of Urgell , appointed by the Pope . Another example is Northern Ireland , where the First Minister and Deputy First Minister jointly preside over regional government.
The Principality of Salm (approx. 1802-1810) was a real union of the Principality of Salm-Salm and the Principality of Salm-Kyrburg, ruled by the Prince of Salm-Salm and the Prince of Salm-Kyrburg. Since the latter was not of legal age at the time, his uncle and aunt acted as regents.
The historic Barotseland in present-day Zambia traditionally had a female and a male tribal monarch at the head.
There are also double heads in republics : two sufets in ancient Carthage , two consuls in the ancient Roman Empire ( collegiality ), two Capitani Reggenti in today's San Marino .
In addition to regular, firmly established dual power, there were also temporary dual power in various states, after which only one ruler reigned. Examples are the dual power of the Roman emperors Marc Aurel and Lucius Verus from 161 to 169 and of Peter I and his brother Ivan V in Russia from 1682 to 1696. In Denmark around 1600 there was dual power between the king and the imperial council, in which the Balance of power shifted depending on the personality of the king. As a rule, however, in such temporary dual power, one partner clearly dominated the other despite nominal equality.
Dual power constellations in the private and private sector
In German business life, two board members with equal rights are not uncommon as a form of the four-eyes principle (particularly common in the open trading company ) - there also multi-headed forms of rule. The so-called collective bargaining sovereignty is also exercised by two collective actors who are even opponents of the conflict : employers' associations and trade unions exercise it jointly.
If one sees the ( marital ) nuclear family under aspects of power, then according to German family law, father and mother have equal rights, for example to bring up their children.
Different word meaning
The dual power, as used by Crane Brinton's revolutionary theory , does not mean a legitimate dyarchy, but the factual coexistence of two conflicting centers of power, one legal, the other revolutionary or putschist.
In the Russian Empire from February ( February Revolution 1917 ) to July 1917 ( Juliet Uprising ) there was a dual rule of the Soviets and the " Provisional Government " under Alexander Kerensky .
Likewise, in Ethiopia from April to September 1974 there was a dual rule of a revolutionary military council (which then formed the Derg in September 1974 ) and the declining emperor Haile Selassie .
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ In organizations, for example, one person looks after customer acquisition, marketing, financing, the other takes care of the internal processes of the organization or in family systems: cf. B. Jürgen Kunz: The behavioral ecology of the Couvade. Perinatal taboos and restrictions for fathers-to-be at the interface of biology and culture. Trier 2003, p. 90: “Women take part in the common net hunt. While the man carries the net and sets it up, the woman anchors it in the ground so that no animal can slip under the net. During the hunt, the man drives the animals towards the net, where the woman waits to kill the animal. The spouses are largely equal and must cooperate perfectly in order to be successful. They are in constant contact with each other. Hewlett now argues that frequent interaction and regular give and take are the prerequisites for a high degree of reciprocal altruism. This reciprocity leads to the fact that the partners understand each other 'blindly'. "
- ↑ Knud Fabricius: Kongeloven. Dens tilblivelse and plads i samtidens Natur- and different udvikling. En historisk undersøgelse . Copenhagen 1920. Reprographic reprint 1971. ISBN 87-7500-810-6 . P. 77 ff.
- ^ The Anatomy of Revolution . 1938, 2nd edition 1965