Iron gluconate

Structural formula
General
Surname	Iron gluconate
other names	Iron (II) gluconate dihydrate; FERROUS GLUCONATE ( INCI ) ; E 579;
Molecular formula	C 12 H 22 FeO 14 • 2H 2 O
Brief description	yellowish-gray or slightly greenish powder with a sweetish odor and slightly sour taste
External identifiers / databases
EC number	607-166-9
ECHA InfoCard	100.131.978
PubChem	9291
Wikidata	Q421291
Drug information
ATC code	B03 AA03
properties
Molar mass	482.18 g mol −1
Physical state	firmly
Melting point	~ 140 ° C
solubility	good in water (~ 250 g l −1 at 20 ° C); insoluble in ethanol;
safety instructions
	Please note the exemption from the labeling requirement for drugs, medical devices, cosmetics, food and animal feed
GHS labeling of hazardous substances	no GHS pictograms
	no GHS pictograms
H and P phrases	H: no H-phrases
	P: no P-phrases
Toxicological data	4500 mg kg −1 ( LD 50 , rat , oral , dihydrate)
	As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions .

Iron gluconate (iron (II) gluconate) is a divalent iron salt of gluconic acid .

Extraction and presentation

Iron gluconate can be obtained by reacting a hot solution of barium or calcium gluconate with iron (II) sulfate or by reacting iron (II) carbonate with gluconic acid in solution.

properties

Iron gluconate is a yellowish-gray or slightly greenish solid, sensitive to light and air, with a sweet smell and a slightly sour taste. Its aqueous solution is acidic.

use

It is used in the food industry as a so-called food additive from the group of stabilizers for blackening olives . Artificially blackened olives can be recognized by the fact that the olive stone is still greenish, while the flesh of the olive is black. By adding sodium hydroxide and iron gluconate first, an oxidation process and a black coloration occurs in food , which is then stabilized with iron gluconate. In the EU it is approved as a food additive with the designation E 579 only for olives.

Iron gluconate is used in pharmacy, for example, as an acid regulator or to increase iron levels. The substance is used in medicines and dietetics to increase iron blood levels. The active ingredient is considered harmless; no harmful side effects of iron gluconate have been identified to date. Severe reactions can only occur with high-dose intravenous administration. Iron gluconate can cause reversible discoloration of teeth.

Ferrous gluconate is also used as a corrosion inhibitor in the oil industry.

Individual evidence

↑ Entry on FERROUS GLUCONATE in the CosIng database of the EU Commission, accessed on December 28, 2019.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h data sheet iron (II) gluconate dihydrate (PDF) from Merck , accessed on January 19, 2011.
↑ ^a ^b P. H. List and L. Hörhammer: Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice - Chemicals and Drugs (CI – G) . Springer-Verlag, 1973, ISBN 978-3-642-80620-9 , pp. 957 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
↑ ^a ^b Gerhard Eisenbrand, Peter Schreier: RÖMPP Lexikon Lebensmittelchemie, 2nd edition, 2006 . Georg Thieme Verlag, 2014, ISBN 3-13-179282-5 , p. 447 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
↑ Office of The Federal Register, Enhanced by IntraWEB, LLC: Title 21 Food and Drugs Parts 170 to 199 (Revised as of April 1, 2014) 21-CFR-Vol-3 . IntraWEB, LLC, 2014, ISBN 0-16-091784-0 , pp. 523 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
↑ Hans-Dieter Belitz, Werner Grosch: Textbook of food chemistry . Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-662-08308-6 , pp. 636 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
↑ ZZulV : Ordinance on the approval of additives to food for technological purposes .
↑ Methodology: Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology Basics - Therapy - Methodology . Springer-Verlag, 2011, ISBN 978-3-642-12765-6 , pp. 116 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
↑ Reza Javaherdashti, Chikezie Nwaoha, Henry Tan: Corrosion and Materials in the Oil and Gas Industries . CRC Press, 2016, ISBN 978-1-4665-5625-6 , pp. 453 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

[CosIng-1] Entry on FERROUS GLUCONATE in the CosIng database of the EU Commission, accessed on December 28, 2019.

[MERCK-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h data sheet iron (II) gluconate dihydrate (PDF) from Merck , accessed on January 19, 2011.

[List-3] P. H. List and L. Hörhammer: Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice - Chemicals and Drugs (CI – G) . Springer-Verlag, 1973, ISBN 978-3-642-80620-9 , pp. 957 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

[Gerhard_Eisenbrand,_Peter_Schreier-4] Gerhard Eisenbrand, Peter Schreier: RÖMPP Lexikon Lebensmittelchemie, 2nd edition, 2006 . Georg Thieme Verlag, 2014, ISBN 3-13-179282-5 , p. 447 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

[Office_of_The_Federal_Register,_Enhanced_by_IntraWEB,_LLC-5] Office of The Federal Register, Enhanced by IntraWEB, LLC: Title 21 Food and Drugs Parts 170 to 199 (Revised as of April 1, 2014) 21-CFR-Vol-3 . IntraWEB, LLC, 2014, ISBN 0-16-091784-0 , pp. 523 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

[Hans-Dieter_Belitz,_Werner_Grosch-6] Hans-Dieter Belitz, Werner Grosch: Textbook of food chemistry . Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-662-08308-6 , pp. 636 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

[7] ZZulV : Ordinance on the approval of additives to food for technological purposes .

[Methodik-8] Methodology: Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology Basics - Therapy - Methodology . Springer-Verlag, 2011, ISBN 978-3-642-12765-6 , pp. 116 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

[Reza_Javaherdashti,_Chikezie_Nwaoha,_Henry_Tan-9] Reza Javaherdashti, Chikezie Nwaoha, Henry Tan: Corrosion and Materials in the Oil and Gas Industries . CRC Press, 2016, ISBN 978-1-4665-5625-6 , pp. 453 ( limited preview in Google Book search).