Ernst Schulze (poet)

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Ernst Schulze, copper engraving from 1816
Signature Ernst Conrad Friedrich Schulze.PNG

Ernst Conrad Friedrich Schulze (born March 22, 1789 in Celle ; † June 29, 1817 there ) was a German romantic poet .

Life

Childhood and early adolescence

The house where the poet was born and died at today's Robert-Meyer-Platz 1 (formerly: Großer Plan 1 ) in Celle

Ernst Schulze was born as the son of the mayor of Celle, Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm Schulze . When he was two years old, his mother died. His successor stepmothers could hardly take care of his upbringing. The school - he attended the Celler Ernestinum - was initially unable to compensate for these deficiencies.

" Until about my fourteenth year I was considered at home to be a very good-natured, but extremely useless child and useless creature for all things, because my clothes were always torn in the first few days, my books were lost as soon as I received them. because I got all my assignments the wrong way, never knew anything new, couldn't learn arithmetic, and didn't know how to talk sensibly about any thing in ordinary life. "

On the one hand, he found success in the role of a daring ringleader among his contemporaries, on the other hand, he entered a new poetic world by immersing himself in knight tales, fairy tales and various French literature as well as walking through moorland and heathland on lonely hikes.

" I lived all my fantasies and was on the way to becoming a completely incurable fanatic "

Despite these tendencies, Schulze was able , with the help of the school, to bring some order into his life as "someone whose imagination perpetuates in dallies and daydreams and does not allow him to pay attention to the lectures of his teachers" .

Education

At the age of 17, Schulze enrolled at the Theological and Philosophical Faculties of the Georg-August University in Göttingen . In his first semester he devoted himself mainly to philosophy, philology, literary history and aesthetics and gave up studying theology in 1808. Here he became a member of the Corps Hannovera . In his later doctoral dissertation he listed important suggestions during his studies: elegant writing in the mother tongue, reading and interpreting the New Testament and the prophets, learning Hebrew, studying Latin poets and writers - especially Horace, Virgil, Tacitus , Vellejus, Catullus and Cicero - and with literature from Petrarch to modern times as well as with Greek poetry. He studied largely independently and neglected the lectures. Finally, he decided to study classical philology for a long time, knowing full well that it could lead to a self-alienation from his self-image as a poet. He presented his first sonnets , epistles and elegies to Friedrich Bouterwek , one of his professors whom he trusted and who became his first biographer after Schulze's death. Bouterwek published Schulze's Psyche , a adaptation of Apuleius' Amor und Psyche , in parts in 1808 and 1810 and in whole in 1819. His verdict on Schulze's early poems was: "On the whole, indubitable evidence of true poetic talent."

Doctorate and habilitation

After studying for almost five years, Schulze applied for a doctorate and habilitation at the same time at the Philosophical Faculty in June 1811. A prematurely printed dissertation that was regarded as confused was not considered. Instead, Schulze completed an inaugural disputation on eleven submitted philosophical theses. On the day of the disputation, on January 30, 1811, he was given his doctorate degree. He received permission to teach in March 1812, after successfully defending the Venia dissertation he had submitted for it.

Privatdozent and loving admirer of Cäcilie Tychsen

Grave of Cäcilie Tychsen in Göttingen

Schulze's first lectures reflect his personal, poetological interest, but ultimately bored him:

  • "On the history of lyric poetry among the Greeks"
  • "Metric [...] and Prometheus of Aeschylus"

More important than his first professional steps as a private lecturer was his love for Cäcilie (actually Cecilie) Tychsen, the daughter of the orientalist and theologian Thomas Christian Tychsen , whom he met shortly after completing his doctorate when he was just 17 years old. Cäcilie and her sister Adelheid (actually nobility) were considered beautiful, musically gifted and educated and were revered by many men of the Göttingen society. Schulze's life was fundamentally changed during his year-long acquaintance with Cäcilie. His poetry also experienced a turning point. Cäcilie, who was incurably ill with pulmonary tuberculosis, became the focus of his romantic longing. For him, flirting feelings unexpectedly turned into serious love, which he poetically exaggerated. Cäcilie died on December 3, 1812. A little later Schulze wrote:

“ [...] in Cäcilien I found myself, but much purer, much more chaste, much more beautiful and glorious. She was what I might become if there was immortality, and of which I am now only the shadow. "

In the meantime, "consumption" had also manifested itself in him.

“ I am sick. I threw blood on the day of Cecilia's death, but it will soon be over. "

From then on, Schulze's life and poetry were determined by his thoughts on his beloved, even when he finally believed he had found Cäcilie in her sister Adelheid and stormed her with his love.

1813 he succeeded his mentor, the Bouterwek dedicated, early, usually before 1813 resulting poems , including two cycles of elegies and epistles to let appear.

Participation in the wars of liberation

Cäcilie had hated the French as occupiers and rejected Schulze's Francophile and cosmopolitan views. Therefore, in memory of the dead, he felt compelled to take part in the liberation struggle against the French. From December 1813 he did voluntary military service for about half a year. Because of his advancing tuberculosis, he was able to relax for almost two months in the house of his mentor Friedrich Bouterwek before the actual military deployment and continued to work on the epic Cecilia, which began in January 1813 and which glorified his late lover . In Grubenhagen's Infantry Battalion of the Forestry Master and Lieutenant Colonel Carl von Beaulieu-Marconnay he finally took on some of the battles Befreiungskriege part.

Incompatibility of work and poetry

Schulze's low commitment as a private lecturer and scientist had already become apparent in his first year of employment. After returning from military service, this tendency increased. He postponed the tasks of the scholar and delved into his poetic production to the point of obsession. The hope of receiving a professorship was dashed. The responsible state government could not have been convinced that he could have pursued a successful career as a researching and teaching classical philology. He himself pursued this plan only half-heartedly. He was too much under the spell of working on his great verses Cäcilie and Die charmerte Rose . In addition, he wrote other, smaller cycles and individual poems, which often revolve around his own well-being and his love for Cäcilie or Adelheid and love, renunciation and death. His diary and letters, which so far have only been published in part, complement the poems. They show a high degree of self-knowledge and self-analysis and confirm his inwardly torn constitution, which was also expressed on the outside. With remarkable frequency, he mentioned his various characters or roles and the problems that his role-play caused him in confidential statements.

On larger hikes - for example through the Weser Valley in late September 1814 and through the Rhine and Maingaue in autumn 1816 - he escaped all of this temporarily. His "tramp genius" broke ground and he could hope to get closer to his real being again "freely and happily" with "a little slovenliness" and to recover physically.

Death in Celle

Memorial plaque from the "Citizens' Association in Celle" from 1885

After returning from his Rhine-Main hike, he suffered a hemorrhage in Göttingen at the end of November 1816. At the beginning of 1817 he expressed the hope in a letter that he would “go to Italy this summer, perhaps to stay there for several years” . In March 1817 he announced three courses for the summer semester. But his health became increasingly critical. Shortly before Easter, his stepmother brought him to Celle. Here the terminally ill received the news that he had won the first prize in the “poetic narrative” category for Die charmed Rose in a competition organized by the Leipzig publisher Brockhaus .

Schulze died on June 29, 1817 and was buried in the citizen cemetery.

Works

Title page of the only book edition of Schulze's works during his lifetime

Neither of Schulze's poetic work nor of his letters and diaries have so far been published in comprehensive, critical editions. Today's publications mostly follow the edition of the poems published by Ernst Schulze himself in Göttingen ( elegies , epistles , mixed poems ) from 1813 and the edition posthumously procured by Friedrich Bouterwek: Ernst Schulze's all poetic writings , 4 volumes, Leipzig 1818-1820. Brockhaus followed up with new editions.

The Brockhaus edition contains:

Part 1:

  • Caecilie, a romantic poem in twenty songs . First through ninth chant

Volume 2:

  • Caecilie, a romantic poem in twenty songs . Tenth to twentieth chant

Volume 3:

  • Poetic diary, from June 29th, 1814 to February 17th, 1817
  • Journey through the Weserthal 1814
  • Psyche, a Greek fairy tale in seven books. Started in the summer of 1807

Volume 4:

reception

Ernst Schulze met the taste of his time with his poems and poetic tales of verse, for which he had initially taken Johann Mattheson and Christoph Martin Wieland's works as models. Shortly after Schulze's death, the mixture of nature and love poetry and the patriotic was so popular that Brockhaus brought out several editions of the “Complete Poetic Works” . In addition, in the course of the 19th century, individual poems, poetry cycles and epics appeared in separate single prints and were translated into many languages. The bewitched rose achieved the greatest success .

Even in Schulze's circle of friends, amateur settings of individual poems had emerged. The earliest song is probably Adelheid Tychsen's Die Maiblümchen an Adelheid .

While Schulze was still alive, his poems were published in Vienna. Schulze quickly became known in artistic circles. Poems from his Poetic Diary were enthusiastically read and set to music in Vienna.

Franz Schubert's settings from the years 1825 to 1827, which prepared the later Winterreise in terms of their textual themes and musical style, became really important .

That the enchanted rose , despite their poverty action Beethoven offered as an opera subject and actually set to music by two composers rather insignificant as an opera, was due to its overwhelming success at reading public.

After the First World War, Schulze's works were largely forgotten. Only two publications by a relative of Cäcilie and Adelheid Tychsen in 1930 and 1965 reminded of him. New interest in Schulze's poems arose in the wake of sound recordings of Schubert's Schulze songs. In supplements to records and CD publications, the poet Ernst Schulze was also honored.

Settings

Franz Schubert set nine poems by Schulze to music for solo songs with piano accompaniment. The poems come from Schulze's Poetic Diary , which he kept from June 29, 1813 to February 17, 1817.

Schubert chose his own title. Schulze's titles are in brackets and follow the Brockhaus edition from 1822, which Schubert most likely used.

  • The lovely star D. 861, composed 1825 (April 28th 1814)
  • Im Walde D. 834, 1825 (Im Walde behind Falkenhagen. July 22nd, 1814)
  • Auf der Bruck D. 853, 1825 (Auf der Bruck. July 25th, 1814)
  • At midnight D. 862, 1825 (On March 5th, 1815, at noon at night)
  • In the spring, D. 882, 1826 (March 31, 1815)
  • Mutual courage D. 883, 1826 (1st April 1815)
  • To my heart D. 860, 1825 (January 23, 1816)
  • About Wildemann D. 884, 1826 (About Wildemann, a small mountain town in the Harz Mountains. April 28, 1816)
  • Deep sorrow , also In January 1817 D. 876, 1826 (On January 17th, 1817)

A tenth song, O Quell, what are you flowing quickly and wildly , D. 874, 1826 (?) (The flower and the spring. On January 8th, 1814) has remained a fragment.

In the spring D. 882 and Auf der Bruck D. 853 belong to the current Schubert lied repertoire. The other Schulze settings are relatively unknown. Several recordings by the entire group of songs have recently been released.

As a quartet for two tenors and two basses, Schubert also composed Ewige Liebe D. 825A in 1825 or 1826 (October 27, 1814) .

The libretto that Schubert's friend, the Jewish doctor Dr. Jakob Bernhard , who wrote The Enchanted Rose for Schubert in 1824 , is missing. On the other hand, Joseph Maria Wolfram's opera Maja und Alpino or the enchanted rose from 1826 based on the same subject was preserved and successful into the 20th century . Also Friedrich Wilhelm Makulls 's opera of 1843 is based on Schulze's romantic poem.

Further settings of Schulze's poems come, for example, from Emilie Zumsteeg (1796–1857), Benedict Randhartinger (1802–1893), Josephine Lang (1815–1880).

Georg V of Hanover (1819–1878) created

    • 12 four-part chants based on texts by Ernst Schulze, published in two volumes in 1838 in the court music store in Hanover;
    • 37 solo songs with piano accompaniment, 23 male choirs, 1 male choir with solo quartet and 1 male choir with piano accompaniment based on Schulze's texts

Schulzestrasse

Schulzestrasse and Welfenstrasse in the Heese area of ​​the city of Celle were originally named after the mayor of Celle. At the beginning of November 2016, the previous explanatory road sign was replaced by a new one. On the legend table there are now references to both namesake; the mayor who was in office from 1797 to 1820 “Dr. Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm Schulze ”, supplemented by“ his son Ernst Schulze, 1789–1817, an important romantic poet ”. The board, which was newly installed by the Celle city administration, was presented with a reading by students from the Ernestinum grammar school , which was attended by Lothar Haas, chairman of the newly founded Ernst Schulze Society. The poet Schulze was a pupil of the Latin school, today's Ernestinum.

literature

  • Friedrich Bouterwek : Biographical preface. In: Cäcilie. A romantic poem in twenty songs by Ernst Schulze. First part. Leipzig 1818, pp. I-XXV
  • Hellmut Draws-Tychsen: Ernst Schulze (1789-1817). Poetic diary sheets for the sisters Cecilie and Adelheit Tychsen. Munich undated [1965]
  • Hermann Marggraff : Ernst Schulze. Described from his diaries and letters as well as from communications from his friends. In: All poetic works by Ernst Schulze. Third edition. Fifth part. Leipzig 1855
  • Harald Müller: Bibliography of the works of Ernst Schulze. In: Celler Chronik 1/1983, pp. 84–111.
  • Ders .: Ernst Schulze's work in settings. On the history of the influence of the Celle poet in music. In: Celler Chronik 1/1983, pp. 112–159
  • Ders .: Ernst Schulze - book editions of his works. In: Celler Chronik 4/1989, pp. 61–67.
  • Heinrich Pröhle :  Schulze, Ernst (poet) . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 32, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1891, pp. 763-765.
  • Ernst Schulze: The young euphoria! Diaries and letters, ed. by Oskar Ansull and Joachim Kersten, Wallstein, Göttingen 2017 ISBN 978-3-8353-3117-4
  • Johannes Tütken : Magister Ernst Schulze - a favorite poet of his century who died early. In: Privatdozenten im Schatten der Georgia Augusta, Part II. Göttingen 2005, pp. 659–889

Web links

Commons : Ernst Schulze  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Ernst Schulze  - Sources and full texts

Notes and individual references

The biography essentially follows Johannes Tütken, Göttingen 2005. Tütken relied mainly on Friedrich Bouterwek's biographical preface , Leipzig 1818, as well as on Hermann Marggraff, Leipzig 1855.

  1. ↑ a b red .: Students in a "dialogue" with the poet Ernst Schulze from Celle , article on the celleheute.de page from November 4, 2016, last accessed on June 12, 2020
  2. ^ Hermann Marggraff, 1855, p. 3f
  3. ↑ Tütken, 2005, p 862
  4. ↑ Hermann Marggraff, 1855, p. 12
  5. ↑ Harald Müller, 1983, p. 112
  6. ↑ Johannes Tütken, 2005, p. 865
  7. ^ Friedrich Bouterwek, 1818, p. V
  8. ↑ Tütken was able to correct some errors of the old biographers on the dissertation and habilitation
  9. ↑ Johannes Tütken, 2005, pp. 873f
  10. ↑ Hermann Marggraff, 1855, p. 162
  11. ↑ Hermann Marggraff, 1855, p. 166
  12. ↑ Tütken, 2005, p 876
  13. ↑ Tütken, 2005, p 877
  14. ↑ Johannes Tütken, 2005, p. 881
  15. ^ Marggraff, 1855, pp. 145f
  16. ↑ Marggraff, 1855, p. 336ff
  17. ↑ Tütken, 2005, p 879f
  18. ↑ a b c d Harald Müller: Bibliography of the works of Ernst Schulze. In: Celler Chronik 1/1983, pp. 84–111.
  19. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Harald Müller: Ernst Schulze's work in settings. On the history of the influence of the Celle poet in music. In: Celler Chronik 1/1983, pp. 112–159
  20. ↑ Hellmut Draws-Tychsen: Requiem and Hymns for Cecilie Tychsen , self-published 1930 and 1954; ders .: Ernst Schulze (1789–1817). Poetic diary sheets for the sisters Cecilie and Adelheit Tychsen. Munich undated [1965].
  21. ↑ Michael Lorenz : "Several Bernhards. The solution to the Dr. J. Bernhard riddle", Schubert through glasses 28, (Schneider, Tutzing 2002), pp. 101–150
  22. ↑ Ignaz Franz Castelli (Red.): General musical indicator , 10th year, Vienna: Tobias Haslinger, 1838, p. 115f .; limited preview in Google Book search
personal data
SURNAME Schulze, Ernst
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Schulze, Ernst Conrad Friedrich
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German romantic poet
DATE OF BIRTH March 22, 1789
PLACE OF BIRTH Celle
DATE OF DEATH June 29, 1817
Place of death Celle