Exit qui seminat

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With the papal bull Exiit qui seminat of August 14, 1279, Pope Nicholas III intervened . into the discussion about the ideal of poverty among the monastic orders - here especially among the Franciscans .

With this bull the so-called poverty dispute over “practical poverty” was rekindled. The debate about the ideals of poverty would continue for almost 50 years and Popes Clement V and John XXII. get more cops to write.

Vows of poverty

For the Franciscans, when interpreting the vow of poverty , not only the individual but the entire religious community should have no property rights . One it had system formed in which the Franciscans things and buildings used that belonged to a patron. The order general Bonaventure directed the property regime for the Franciscans in such a way that the Franciscan order used the property of middlemen, to which both private persons and the Curia belonged. With this bull, Pope Nicholas III, himself a Franciscan, took over the definition of Bonaventure and expressly forbade any glossing or explanation of his decision.

About the poverty rules

With this detailed bull on the question of the ideal of poverty, the Pope declared that the life of the friars was based on the Gospel and was strengthened by the teaching profession and the life of Christ and his apostles . The Pope and the Church had approved the lifestyle of the monks and they were therefore responsible for overseeing and protecting them. He emphasized that the rules established by the founder of the order must be lived and acted upon. The Pope writes that obligatory poverty was exemplified by God and the apostles and lived by Christ in the Church.

From the right of use

The poverty rule obliges to abdicate from the “usus iuris” and allows the retention of the “usus facti”. This is a possible and legally applicable form of poverty in accordance with the gospel. These rules, as Clemens V continues, do not allow the possession of money , but see themselves as a kind of support, whereby the friars could take refuge with their benefactors who are in possession of the money. In another section, the Pope describes the interpretations about the Testament of the Franciscans and as with the movable goods is moved to.

About personal poverty

Finally, the Pope addressed the monks' personal poverty behavior . This would include poverty in clothing, compliance with the terms of the order, the election of the general of the order , avoidance of suspicious familiarity with women, and compliance with the provisions of St. Francis' will .

Final provisions

In the final chapter, Pope Clement V ordered that this bull be obeyed by all friars and that this order should be legally valid for all eternity . He forbade any opposition and threatened excommunication if this order was violated .

Further papal letters on the poverty struggle

literature

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