Farmakonisi
| Farmakonisi (Φαρμακονήσι) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Waters | Mediterranean Sea | |
| Archipelago | Dodecanese | |
| Geographical location | 37 ° 17 '28 " N , 27 ° 5' 19" E | |
|
||
| length | 4 km | |
| width | 1 km | |
| surface | 3.866 km² | |
| Highest elevation | 106 m | |
| Residents | uninhabited | |
The small uninhabited Greek island of Farmakonisi also Pharmakonisi or Farmako ( Greek Φαρμακονήσι ( n. Sg. )) Is administered by the municipality of Leros in the South Aegean region (Περιφέρεια Νότιου Αιγαίου).
location
The Dodecanese island of Farmakonisi is located in the eastern Aegean, roughly at the entrance to the Gulf of Güllük ( Güllük Körfezi in Turkish ). It has an area of 3,866 km². The shortest distance to the coast of Asia Minor is about 12 km to the northeast. The closest islands are Leros about 23 km southwest, Lipsi 26 km west and Agathonisi 19 km northeast. The maximum length from north to south is about 3.6 km, the width is about 1.2 km and at the narrowest point in the center of the island from the bay Ormos Tholou (Όρμος Θόλου) on the east side to the west at 350 m.
history
In ancient times the island was known as Farmakousa . Traces of Cyclops walls and port fortifications attest to the strategic location.
Ruins of domed buildings, so-called tholi , from the 1st century AD are preserved on the east coast near the small port. Presumably these are storage rooms for food.
Plutarch reports in Bíoi parálleloi ( οἱ βίοι παράλληλοι , Vitae parallelae ) that the young Julius Caesar was kidnapped by pirates on a trip to Asia Minor and held captive there for 38 days. During the imprisonment he had promised them that if he was released he would kill them all. After paying a ransom that was twice the amount requested (since he kept the amount asked too low for someone like himself), he organized a fleet, kept his promise and had all the pirates crucified.
Through a donation from the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos , Farmakonisi first came into the possession of the monk Christodoulos in 1087 and in the following year with the establishment of the Johannes monastery on Patmos in his possession.
In May 1921, Ai Giorgis (Αϊ Γιώργης), the only church on the island, was built.
As a result of the Imia conflict in January 1996, the Turkish Military Academy issued a memorandum in August 1996 questioning and claiming the status of around one hundred Greek islands and rocks, including Farmakonisi. The different definition of the territory regularly leads to border conflicts and Greek protests.
From the Greek side there are regular parliamentary questions to the European Parliament, as the Frontex tasks to protect the EU's external borders are obstructed by the Turkish side.
Due to their location close to the Turkish-Greek maritime border, the Greek islands in the eastern Aegean become a stopover for illegal migration to the EU. Pro Asyl reported from Farmakonisi about torture-like mistreatment of refugees and deaths during push backs , illegal rejections of refugees.
Population development
Up until the second half of the 20th century, the arid island was only inhabited by a few people. To a lesser extent, they made a living from agriculture and grazing. The main income came from inshore fishing.
| year | 1947 | 1951 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Residents | 3 | 6th | 8th | 6th | 1 | - | - | - |
According to official information, there were 74 inhabitants registered on Farmakonisi in 2001, and 10 inhabitants were registered in 2011.
nature
Farmakonisi is a relatively flat island, the highest point at 106 m is in the south of the island. Fallow land and traces of constant grazing show that the island was inhabited until a few years ago.
flora
The relatively small number of 201 species of fern and seed plants recorded can be explained by the small size of the island and the limited diversity of biotopes. The occurrence of Garidella nigellastrum , which is classified as endangered on the IUCN Red List, is remarkable .
The narrow and rocky coastal zone is populated with a loose composition and a small number of salt-loving plants such as Frankenia hirsuta , Limonium virgatum and Cichorium spinosum , as well as stonecrop ( Silene sedoides ), horn clover ( Lotus cytisoides ) and Parapholis incurva . The transition area to the vegetation in the interior of the island is formed by Cichorium spinosum with a growth height of around 20 cm. In the central area of the island, the original scrub vegetation of the maquis with carob tree ( Ceratonia siliqua ) and mastic shrub ( Pistacia lentiscus ) has been largely replaced by representatives of the phrygana . The prickly burnet ( Sarcopoterium spinosum ) dominated by growth heights to about 30 cm the landscape to about 70%, deviated contact bush spurge ( Euphorbia acanthothamnos ) and Anthyllis hermanniae on. In the southwest, a population of Phoenician juniper ( Juniperus phoenicea ) reaches heights of up to 1.7 m.
natural reserve
Farmakonisi, together with the archipelagos Lipsi and Arki as well as Agathonisi and the adjacent marine area, was integrated into the Natura 2000 network of the European Union as GR 4210010 Arkoi, Leipsoi, Agathonisi kai Vrachonisides (Αρκοί-Λειψοί-Αγαθονήδει & Βρανονη).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ελληνική Στατιστική Αρχή [ΕΛΣΤΑΤ] (Ed.): Στατιστική Επετηρίδα της Ελλάδος (Statistical Yearbook of Greece 2008) . Piraeus 2009, p. 47 .
- ↑ Plutarch, Caesar 1.8-2.7; see. Furthermore, Velleius Paterculus , Roman History 2.41.3-42.3 and Suetonius , Caesar 4.1-2 and 74.1.
- ↑ Alexandra Stefanidou: Imperial monasteries of Alexios I Komnenos on islands of the Byzantine Empire (= Wolfram Hörandner, Martin Hinterberger [Hrsg.]: Yearbook of Austrian Byzantine Studies . Volume 56 ). Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2006, ISBN 978-3-7001-3697-2 , p. 155 .
- ↑ The dispute over the Aegean Sea: airspace, territorial waters and seabed - Wanted: an arbitration body at the height of the conflict. ( Memento of the original from February 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Le Monde diplomatique . German edition, October 11, 1996.
- ↑ Greece protests Turkish airspace violations. Reuters UK, 7th January 2009.
- ↑ Oral question to the Council for Question Time during the October 2009 part-session under Rule 116 of the Rules of Procedure by Nikolaos Chountis. Obstruction of helicopters and aircraft of the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders (Frontex) by Turkey. europarl.europa.eu
- ^ Written question by Margaritis Schinas (PPE-DE) and Ioannis Varvitsiotis (PPE-DE) to the Commission. Subject: Managing illegal immigration. October 7, 2008 europarl.europa.eu
- ↑ Push backs contrary to international law - European complicity. Pro Asylum, November 7, 2013.
- ^ Death in tow of the Greek coast guard. Press release. Pro Asylum, January 22, 2014.
- ^ Population development of Farmakonisi 1947–2001, Greek Statistical Office ELSTAT, Digital Library (Greek).
- ↑ Results of the 2011 census, Greek Statistical Office (ΕΛ.ΣΤΑΤ) ( Memento from June 27, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (Excel document, 2.6 MB).
- ↑ Maria Panitsa, Dimitris Tzanoudakis: Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: Flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi . In: Willdenowia . tape 28 , no. 1/2 , 1998, pp. 95-116 , doi : 10.3372 / wi.28.2809 .
- ↑ Natura 2000 area GR 4210010 ( Memento of the original from August 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English).
Web links
- General information about Farmakonisi Aegean Portal (Greek)