Filia hospitalis
The filia hospitalis (neo-Latin "innkeeper’s daughter ") was a standing expression of the student language from the 18th to the 20th century and, in a narrower sense, referred to the daughter of the house where students lived or where they had lunch. In a broader sense, this term could also be used to designate female employees who did housework or gastronomy for student tenants or guests.
Social background
Since the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period, the social situation in German-speaking university locations was shaped by the fact that not all students had to live in supervised university shared apartments ( bursa , colleges, etc.), but instead had to rely on the mostly poor population of accommodation. and hospitality services. Since these were mostly young men from wealthy parents, an infrastructure soon developed in the provincial towns (universities were seldom founded in residential towns) that was geared to the demand of young people. The prosperity gap meant that the services of the local population were not limited to board and lodging, but rather the daughters of the landlords and other female servants (“caretakers”) quickly adjusted to the sexual needs of the students. Many girls from underprivileged families were used for prostitution .
Although there were also official prostitution and public brothels in many university towns, such activities by domestic staff seemed less conspicuous, as the young women often lived under one roof with the students and could also stay in their bedrooms without arousing suspicion. The Göttingen student Johann Nikolaus Becker wrote in his diary, first published in 1798:
- A brothel in Göttingen would be more harmful than useful. Who would visit it as long as there are still pleasant caretakers who are cheaper and more secretive than the girls in such a house ...
From some sources it can be seen that some of these attendants probably made prostitution their main occupation, probably because this activity was significantly more lucrative than housework. A script from 1785 says:
- Many unmarried women, when they no longer like serving, sit on their own hands, rent with light-minded people, and then seek to practice quaestum corporis, to feed themselves in this way. ... They have a real affinity for how they can lure this or that young person to themselves, to tempt them to their evil intentions and to deprive them of time, money and the innocent performance that has been performed up to now.
Another undesirable phenomenon in the relationship between the students and the female service staff was secret "improper" marriages. The university authorities were very interested in taking strict action against this phenomenon, since such events could damage the reputation of the university and prevent parents from sending their sons to a university that was known to do so. It was customary to annul these secret marriages and to take legal action against the bride. The students were safe from persecution in such a case.
18th century
As early as the 17th and 18th centuries there was literature and images that dealt with the distractions and vices that kept students from being successful in their studies. The sexual relations with the female servants were also regularly discussed. In the pictorial representations of these centuries, the academic failure of a student is clichéd symbolized by the fact that a young woman holds an illegitimate child in front of him.
The Nuremberg copperplate engraver Johann Georg Puschner created, probably around 1725, under the pseudonym Dendrono, a series of copperplate engravings that is remarkable in terms of student history and deals with student life at the University of Altdorf at that time . The work bears the title Natural Depiction of Academic Life in Present Fourteen Beautiful Figures brought to light by D. The reader not only learns a lot about the course and academic success, but also a lot about the opportunities for leisure activities at that time and the vices of young people . The last two pictures show the consequences of student misconduct with merciless consistency. The titles are: The quietly withdrawing student and The desperate student . The presence of female service personnel appears to be an indispensable stereotype in these depictions of academic failure .
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The quietly withdrawing student
Whoever loves When debtors and the whore now penetrate a person |
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The desperate student
This is how it works, when muses-sons lie in the constant bitch, So everything wanders away: the body loses its strength |
Even Johann Wolfgang Goethe made from 1766 to 1768 while studying in Leipzig youthful love experience with the daughter of the house in which he took his lunch. His filia hospitalis , Ännchen Schönkopf , entered literature and literary history through him in the form of the Annettenlieder .
- Annette to her lover
- I saw Doris standing by Damotene
- He took her hand tenderly;
- They looked at each other for a long time;
- And looked around to see if the parents were watching
- And since nobody saw them
- Fast - Enough they do as we do.
In the spring of 1768, the relationship was dissolved, which - because of Goethe's extreme jealousy of real or supposed rivals - suffered from stress from the start.
19th century - romance and kitsch
In the song It probably went over the Rhine by Ludwig Uhland from 1809, three students at the bier of their "host's daughter" profess their love for her.
- 1. There were three boys who crossed the Rhine,
- |: at a woman's landlady, they stopped by. : |
- 2. “Ms. landlady, do you have good beer and wine?
- |: Where has your beautiful little daughter? “: |
- 3. “My beer and wine are fresh and clear.
- |: My little daughter is lying on the bier. “: |
- 4. And as they entered the chamber,
- |: there she lay in a black shrine.: |
- 5. The first to put back the veil
- |: and looked at her with a sad look:: |
- 6. “Oh, were you still alive, you beautiful maiden!
- |: I would love you from this time. “: |
- 7. The second covered the veil
- |: and turned away and cried:: |
- 8. “Oh, that you are lying on the bier!
- |: I've loved you many a year. “: |
- 9. The third lifted him again immediately
- |: and kissed her on the mouth so pale:: |
- 10. “I always love you, I still love them today
- |: and will love you forever. “: |
- (Text: Ludwig Uhland 1809, melody: folk tune from the 18th century)
Other student songs written in the 19th century continue to romanticize this situation, often depicting the encounter between the young student and the host's daughter as the first innocent young love. The term filia hospitalis became particularly striking in the much-cited song O wonnevolle Jugendzeit .
- ...
- I came here as a crass fox and peered in the alleys
- Where there would be a bed and room to hold my long body.
- Didn't find a sofa, nor a boot jack, and yet the booth was fine with me,
-
Because none is aequalis of filia hospitalis.
[ aequalis (Latin) = "equal"]
- She is too sweet a child with her blond pigtails,
- The little feet run like the wind in a shoe with tassels and buttons;
- The apron billows on my chest, wherever I look is vain lust,
- And none is aequalis of filia hospitalis.
- ...
- She has four tenants: the lawyer only visits fine circles,
- The doctor is not a Christian, the theologian - too wise.
- - But to me, to me the Philologus, she gave a kiss in breeding,
- And none is aequalis of filia hospitalis.
20th century - reversal of the situation
The term and the phenomenon of Filia hospitalis lost a lot of their importance in the course of the 20th century. The reasons may have been the falling prosperity gap between students and the resident population in university cities, which even reversed as the century progressed. Since the end of the First World War at the latest, students no longer came from wealthy families, but had to work for a living or take advantage of social benefits. Now it was no longer the citizens who worked for the students, but the dependence of the students on part- time jobs increased ( see: Working student , student job , vacation job ).
The Filia hospitalis became the epitome of the good old days and remained a subject in popular culture for several decades.
Thus wrote Ferdinand Wittenbauer (1857-1922), a stage play " Filia hospitalis " which was printed in 1902 and staged in Vienna 1906th
The playwright Wilhelm Meyer-Förster had even greater success with his play Alt-Heidelberg (play in 5 acts, premiered on November 22, 1901 in the Berlin theater). In the play, Karl Heinrich, hereditary prince of the fictional small state of Saxony-Karlsburg in Thuringia, is sent to Heidelberg to study, where he has a happy time and falls in love with the innkeeper’s daughter, Käthie. Due to the unexpected death of his father, he has to take the throne early and leave Heidelberg. The increase in their declarations of love to the tearful farewell of the lovers became a pleasure for the audience.
Karl Heinrich. We'll keep it, Käthie. I don't forget you and you don't forget me. We won't see each other again, but we won't forget each other. My longing for Heidelberg was the longing for you - and I found you again. (Kisses her for a long time.) Farewell, Käthie. (He goes.)
Käthie (stands with arms hanging limply, looks after him).
Karl Heinrich (turns again). I only loved you, Käthie, of all people only you. (Kisses her, leaves.)
Käthie (stands in silence, stares after him for a few seconds. Then she claps her hands over her face and sobs bitterly).
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On a later visit to Heidelberg, however, both of them have to recognize that class boundaries make love impossible and that youthful experiences are unrepeatable in their emotional depth. The plot was reworked in 1924 for a musical on Broadway ( The Student Prince ) and saw several film adaptations in the USA and Germany until the 1950s. To this day, the musical with German dialogues and English lyrics is performed every year at the Heidelberg Castle Festival.
In addition to the kitsch culture , satire also took on the topic. The Filia hospitalis sometimes served as a hook to make fun of student life.
The increase in women's studies and the sexual revolution that followed the events after 1968 created a completely different situation. Towards the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century, half of the students in Central Europe are female. The student social and sex life takes place - socially accepted - mainly within the group of students.
Book publications in Germany, France and Great Britain in 2008 addressed the situation that increasingly female students in particular are now pursuing prostitution in order to finance their studies.
The filius hospitalis
Women were only admitted to studies relatively late in Germany (1904 in Württemberg, 1908 in Prussia). Student life was viewed as a purely male domain in which women only had a serving function and - as can be seen from many illustrations - were often exposed to sexual harassment. In the German-speaking area, the University of Zurich pioneered the introduction of women's studies . The first female students were able to attend the university as early as 1840, and since 1863 they have been able to officially enroll . Positive and negative experiences from Zurich also played a major role in the political discussion on the subject.
Numerous caricatures from the second half of the 19th century show female students in typical scenes of (male) student life, with male figures often performing the serving functions previously reserved for women (filius hospitalis) . This alienation effect should probably serve to illustrate the "unnaturality" of women's studies.
literature
- Max Bauer: Moral History of German Studentism , Dresden undated (approx. 1930)
- Martin Biastoch: Tübingen students in the German Empire. A socio-historical study of young academics 1871-1914 , = Contubernium. Tübingen Contributions to the History of University and Science , Volume 43, Tübingen 1995, ISBN 3-7995-3239-0
- Max Brinkmann: The Corps Schlamponia. A student story from the 20th century. With many illustrations , Berlin 1899, (Reprint Göttingen 1981, ISBN 3-923414-00-5 ) Pages 21-27
- Richard Fick : On Germany's high schools , Berlin-Leipzig 1900
- Michael Klant: University in the caricature - evil pictures from the curious history of the universities , Hanover 1984, ISBN 3-7716-1451-1
- Karl Konrad: Imagery of the German Student System , 2nd edition, Breslau 1931; Supplements and additions, Breslau 1935
- Helga-Maria Kühn : Student life in Göttingen in the 18th century according to contemporary reports, letters, travelogues and files from the city archive. In: Göttingen in the 18th century. A city changes its face. Texts and materials for the exhibition in the Städtisches Museum and Göttingen City Archives April 26 - August 30, 1987. Göttingen 1987, pages 145–181.
- Konrad Lengenfelder (Ed.): Dendrono-Puschner's natural portrayal of academic life in beautiful figures brought to light , 2nd edition Altdorf 1993 (1st edition Nuremberg 1962)
- Ulrich Rasche: Cornelius relegatus in engravings and images from the archives of the early 17th century in: Einst und Jetzt Volume 53 (2008), Neustadt an der Aisch, pp. 15–47. ISBN 978-3-87707-717-7
- Paul Ssymank : Brother Studio in Caricature and Satire , Stuttgart 1929
- Wolfgang EJ Weber: History of the European University , Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 2002, ISBN 3-17-016482-1
Web links
See also
Individual evidence
- ^ Johann Nikolaus Becker: Fragments from the diary of a traveling New Franconia. Reissued after the first edition from 1798 and provided with an afterword and explanations by Wolfgang Griep . Bremen 1985. Small Enlightenment Library 1. Quoted from Helga-Maria Kühn: Student life in Göttingen in the 18th century according to contemporary reports, letters, travelogues and files from the city archive , in: Göttingen in the 18th century. A city changes its face. Texts and materials for the exhibition in the Städtisches Museum and the Göttingen City Archives April 26 - August 30, 1987 , Göttingen 1987, pp. 180f.
- ^ Gottlieb Christian Heinrich List: Contributions to the statistics of Göttingen . Berlin 1785. S. 174. Quoted from: Helga-Maria Kühn: Student life in Göttingen in the 18th century according to contemporary reports, letters, travelogues and files from the city archive , in: Göttingen in the 18th century. A city changes its face. Texts and materials for the exhibition in the Städtisches Museum and Göttingen City Archives April 26 - August 30, 1987 , Göttingen 1987, p. 180
- ^ Helga-Maria Kühn: Student life in Göttingen in the 18th century according to contemporary reports, letters, travelogues and files from the city archive , in: Göttingen in the 18th century. A city changes its face. Texts and materials for the exhibition in the Städtisches Museum and Göttingen City Archives April 26 - August 30, 1987 , Göttingen 1987, p. 181
- ↑ Source: Markomannenwiki
- ^ Letter to the editor Ferdinand Wittenbauer about the upcoming production in: Neues Wiener Tagblatt, 40 (1906) # 33, 13th (February 2nd, 1906)
- ↑ Prince Karl Heinrich, student in Heidelberg ( Memento of the original from July 1, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Michael Klant: University in the caricature - evil images from the curious history of the universities , Hanover 1984, page 125f.
- ↑ Merlind Theile: Why the university is the perfect place to flirt . In: UniSpiegel September 22, 2008
- ^ Ann-Kathrin Eckhardt: Prostitution. My beloved, expensive studies . Süddeutsche Zeitung, February 4, 2008
- ↑ Birger Menke: Student job whore. At university thanks to a love wage on Spiegel Online on January 29, 2008
- ↑ Several (former) students have published autobiographical books on this subject, including Laura D. ( Mes chères études - Etudiantes, 19 ans, job alimentaire: prostituée . Max Milo Editions 2008, ISBN 978-2353410323 ), Alexandra Aden ( And after the Lecture in the brothel: Confessions of a German art student ( Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3896028570 ) and Brooke Magnanti
