Flake sponges
| Flake sponges | ||||||||||||
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The type species of the genus Boidinia furfuracea |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Boidinia | ||||||||||||
| Stalpers & Hjortstam |
The flaky sponges ( Boidinia ) are a satellite genus from the Gloeocystidiellum complex and are now part of the family of the pigeon relatives (Russulaceae). The white rot fungi have thin, whitish, resupinate fruiting bodies with a soft consistency and a loose hyphae structure. Their hyphae wear buckles or schnallenlos. They also have sulfoaldehyde-positive gloeocystids and more or less spherical and prickly to warty ornamented, amyloid spores. The white rot fungi usually grow on hardwood and lignified angiosperms . The majority of the 10 or so species occur in the tropics and subtropics, in Europe there are only two species. The type species is Boidinia furfuracea (Bres.) Stalpers & Hjortstam .
features
The annual, resupinate fruiting bodies that grow on bark or wood are typically a few centimeters long and wide. They are loosely attached to the substrate and can usually be removed. The soft, thin to membranous fruit bodies are up to 0.3 mm thick. They can become cracked or scabbed with age. The hymenium is usually smooth and more or less follows the topography of the substrate. It is white to grayish-white or cream-colored and often turns pale ocher or suede with age. The edge is indistinct. The context is soft and loose and appears almost hyaline in the vertical section. The spore powder is whitish. The thin subiculum is pale to white and the subicular hyphae are loosely interwoven, but can also be more or less dense.
The hyphae system is monomitic . The generative hyphae are hyaline and usually loosely interwoven. Hyphae lying directly on the substrate are arranged in a narrow layer parallel to the substrate, in higher layers they are more perpendicular to the substrate and rise slightly interwoven between the gloeocystids and form the hymenium. The mostly thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid and acyanophilic hyphae cells are clearly separated from one another. In some species the hyphae have buckles , in other species they are buckleless. The basidia are cylindrical to clubbed or twisted and usually have an almost urn-shaped appearance. They are 14–38 × 4–6 µm long and have four curved sterigms . The basidia are usually terminal, but some lateral basidia can also occur.
In addition to the basidia, one can find cylindrical to club-shaped, moniliform or spindle-shaped, thin-walled and sulfoaldehyde-positive gloeocystids , which can sometimes be slightly bulbous at the base. They usually measure 25–150 × 4–13 µm and have an oily to granular or hyaline content that turns light yellow in KOH . The gloeocystids do not protrude or only slightly over the basidia. The strongly amyloid and acyanophilic basidiospores are broadly ellipsoidal to almost spherical and measure 4–7 × 3–7 µm. They are ornamented spiky to warty, thin or slightly thick-walled and usually have a clear apiculus . The spore ornament disappears in 6% KOH.
Ecology and diffusion
Most species of the genus are found in the tropics or subtropics. Boidinia aculeata , Boidinia cana , Boidinia granulata , Boidinia luteola and Boidinia macrospora have been detected in Taiwan, Boidinia borbonica and Boidinia dendrophysata in Réunion and Boidinia crystallitecta and Boidinia inconstans in New Zealand, while Boidinia donkii in Nepal and Boidinia lacticolor in the Philippines. There are records from Canada and the USA of the North American species Boidinia propinqua . Only the type species Boidinia furfuracea (North America and Europe) and Boidinia permixta (France) occur in Europe.
The representatives of the genus are saprobiontic white rot fungi, which usually grow on deciduous and more rarely on coniferous wood. The tropical and subtropical species in particular grow on dead, more or less rotten hardwood or lignified angiosperms . So grows as Boidinia borbonica on Stoebe passerinoides , one on Reunion Island endemic Basket bloom greenhouse , Boidinia crystallitecta on Pseudopanax arboreum an endemic in New Zealand Araliengewächs and Boidinia dendrophysata on the Wollblütigen nightshade ( Solanum auriculatum ) while Boidinia lacticolor on Bambusa and Boidinia luteola on floridulus Miscanthus one Asian, reed-like sweet grass grows. Only Boidinia furfuracea ( Pinus pinea and Abies alba ) and Boidinia propinqua ( Pinus strobus , Pseudotsuga menziesii and Thuja plicata ) grow on softwood.
Systematics
The genus Boidinia is a satellite genus of the Gloeocystidiellum complex. From Gloeocystidiellum s. l. the representatives differ in their loose hyphae texture in the subiculum and the spherical and prickly to warty ornamented basidiospores. Originally the genus only contained the type species Boidinia furfuracea . Jülich (1982) and Hjortstam and Ryvarden (1988) expanded the genus concept and named almost urn-shaped (suburniform) basidia as a further characteristic. K. Hjortstam and L. Ryvarden now also accepted species with simply septate hyphae and placed Gloeocystidium peroxydatum and Corticium propinquum in the genus. K. Hjortstam and J. A. Stalpers had already pointed out the similarity of the two species with the type species, but left them in the genus Gloeocystidiellum for the time being because of their buckleless hyphae .
Molecular biological investigations by E. and K. H. Larsson in 2003 showed that Boidinia clearly belongs to the family of pigeon relatives. However, the genus does not form a monophylum within the family , since the type species Boidinia furfuracea forms an independent line of descent independently of the other species of the genus. According to E. and K. H. Larsson the results of molecular biological studies are a strong indication that the precursors of Milchlinge and russulas saprotrophic, corticioide white rot fungi were. In addition, their results show that the transition from saprotrophs to mycorrhizal fungi within the deaf-like must have occurred twice independently of one another. Once within the sheep relatives and once among the deaf relatives. This also confirms the conclusion of Hibbett and his coauthors (2000) that in the course of evolution there has been a change from saprobionts to mycorrhizal fungi several times independently of one another. But unlike the sheep pore relatives, where there are already corticoid fungi with a symbiotic way of life, the mycorrhizal byssus pore , the corticoid representatives of the pigeon relatives live exclusively saprotrophically. In addition, the relationships within the pigeon-like species confirm an evolutionary principle, according to which complex fruiting bodies, as we find them in the deafblings and milklings, always develop from simple fruiting body forms in the course of evolution, as Hibbett and Binder had already postulated in 2002.
species
The genus has 14 species worldwide, two of which are found in Europe.
| Scientific name | author | Distribution and substrate |
|---|---|---|
| Boidinia aculeata | (Sheng H. Wu) E. Larss. & KH Larss. 2003 | Taiwan |
| Boidinia borbonica | Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles 1997 | Reunion |
| Boidinia cana | Sheng H. Wu 1996 | Taiwan |
| Boidinia crystallitecta | (G. Cunn.) Sheng H. Wu & PK Buchanan 1998 | New Zealand on Neopanax arboreum |
| Boidinia dendrophysata | Boidin & Gilles | Reunion on Solanum auriculatum |
| Boidinia donkii | (SS Rattan) Sheng H. Wu & PK Buchanan 2000 | Certainly only proven in Nepal |
| Boidinia granulata | Sheng H. Wu 1996 | Taiwan |
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Sticky flake sponge Boidinia furfuracea |
(Bres.) Stalpers & Hjortstam 1982 | Europe and North America |
| Boidinia lacticolor | (Bres.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden 1987 | Philippines, on Bambusa. Evidence from Kenya, Malawi, India and New Zealand is uncertain. |
| Boidinia luteola | Sheng H. Wu 1996 | Taiwan |
| Boidinia macrospora | Sheng H. Wu 1996 | Taiwan |
| Boidinia permixta | Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles 1997 | France, on hornbeam |
| Boidinia peroxydata | (Rick) Hjortstam & Ryvarden 1988 | Brazil and Venezuela on hardwood |
| Boidinia propinqua | (HS Jacks. & Dearden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden 1988 | North America (Canada, USA), on softwood |
swell
- Boidinia. Stalpers & Hjortstam, in Hjortstam & Stalpers, Mycotaxon 14 (1): 76 (1982). In: MycoBank.org. International Mycological Association, accessed February 19, 2013 .
- Boidinia. Stalpers & Hjortstam, in Hjortstam & Stalpers (1982). In: CABI databases: speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved February 20, 2013 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ K. Hjortstam & JA Stalpers: Notes on Corticiaceae (Basidiomycetes) XI . Boidinia, a new genus segregated from Gloeocystidiellum. In: Mycotaxon . tape 14 , no. 1 , 1982, pp. 75 -81 ( org.uk - generic diagnosis on page 76).
- ^ A b N. Maekawa: Taxonomic study of Japanese Corticiaceae (Aphyllophoraceae) II . In: Report of the Tottori Mycological Institute . tape 32 , 1994, pp. 24 ( mycobank.org ).
- ^ A b c J. Ginns & GW Freeman: The Gloeocystidiellaceae (Basidiomycota, Hericiales) of North America . In: Bibliotheca Mycologic . tape 157 , 1994, p. 17 ( mycobank.org ).
- ↑ a b c S.-H. Wu: Studies on Gloeocystidiellum sensu lato (Basidiomycotina) in Taiwan . In: Mycotaxon . tape 58 , 1996, pp. 14 ( org.uk ).
- ^ Jens H. Petersen & Thomas Læssøe: about the genus Boidinia. In: MycoKey. Retrieved February 22, 2013 .
- ↑ a b A. Bernicchia, SP Gorjón: Fungi Europaei . Corticiaceae s. l. tape 12 , 2010, p. 715 ( mycobank.org ).
- ↑ a b J. Boidin & G Gilles: Basidiomycètes Aphyllophorales de l'île de la Réunion. XXI . In: Mycotaxon . tape 75 , 2000 (French, org.uk - species description of Boidinia dendrophysata on page 367).
- ↑ a b K. Hjortstam: Studies in tropical Corticiaceae (Basidiomycetes) VII . Specimens from East Africa, collected by L. Ryvarden II. In: Mycotaxon . tape 28 , no. 1 , 1987 ( org.uk ).
- ↑ a b SH Wu & PK Buchanan: Species of Boidinia (Basidiomycotina) with simple-septate hyphae . In: Mycotaxon . tape 67 , 1998, pp. 123-128 ( org.uk ).
- ↑ Ellen Larsson & Karl-Henrik Larsson: Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa . In: Mycological Society of America (Ed.): Mycologia . tape 95 , no. 6 . Lawrence 2003, p. 1037-1065 ( mycologia.org ).
- ^ Karl-Henrik Larsson: Re-thinking the classification of corticioid fungi . In: Elsevier (Ed.): Mycological research . tape 111 , no. 9 , 2007, p. 1040-1063 .
