Sheepporling relatives
| Sheepporling relatives | ||||||||||||
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Albatrellus ovinus , the real sheep pork, type species of the genus Albatrellus |
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| Albatrellaceae | ||||||||||||
| Pouzar |
The Schafporlingsverwandten (Albatrellaceae) are a fungal family of the order of Täublingsartigen (Russulales). In addition to porling-like genera, resupinate and truffle-like species are also included today . The spores are formed either in tubes or, in the case of the truffle-like ones, in a gleba . Both the tissues and the spores can be amyloid or inamyloid . Sphaerocytes never appear. All representatives are ectomycorrhizal fungi . It is assumed, however, that at least some species are also facultative saprophytic . The type genus is Albatrellus Gray ( Schafporlinge ).
description
The Albatrellaceae are one of at least twelve lineages within the order of the Russulales. In addition to the type genus Albatrellus (Schafporlinge), the lineage also contains resupinate porous species, such as the mycorrhizal Byssusporling ( Byssoporia terrestris ) and truffle-like mushrooms. Among the truffle-like representatives within the family of Schafporlingsverwandten include Leucogaster ( Leucogaster ) that leucophleps ( Leucophleps ), and also truffle-like North American genus Mycolevis . The mushrooms of the North American genus Polyporoletus , like porlings, also belong to the family. These have corky, tough fruiting bodies and a short, more or less eccentric stem. The short tube layer is firmly attached to the hat and cannot be separated.
Like almost all main branches within the Russulales family tree, the sheep pore relatives also have resupinate representatives. A first indication of a relationship between the sheep porklings and the Byssus porklings (Byssoporia) was found by Bruns in 1998 when he examined the LSU genes of the mitochondria using molecular biology. This result was confirmed by later work. Previously, the Byssusporling was assigned to the felt bark mushrooms ( Byssocorticium ), all of which have a purely saprophytic way of life and belong to the family of tissue skin relatives (Atheliaceae).
The spore morphology is the most important characteristic among the sheep pork relatives. The spores of Leucophleps (white vein truffle) and Mycolevis are thorny, with the thorns embedded in an amyloid gel. In Leucogaster , the spores are honeycombed and enclosed in a perisporal sac. In Polyporoletus, too , the elliptical hyaline spores are double-walled and appear slightly rough or short-pointed. The double wall is partitioned by columns or partitions. Only the representatives of the type genus fall out of the frame here, since the spores have no additional layer or shell. In addition, some sheep spores have inamyloid spores, which otherwise only occurs in exceptional cases in the order of the deaf-like.
ecology
All species in the family appear to be ecto mycorrhizal fungi . However, they may also be able to feed saprophytically .
Systematics
The sheep pork relatives (Albatrellaceae) were described in 1966 by the Czech mycologist Zdeněk Pouzar, who placed the family in the Polyporales order.
Interestingly, the family of sheep pork relatives has a lot in common with the pigeon relatives . In both families there are genera whose fruiting bodies are divided into hat and stem. In addition, at least the vast majority of species live as a mycorrhizal fungus in symbiosis with plants. In addition to hat mushrooms, both families also contain truffle-like and resuspended species. However, these similarities do not show a closer phylogenetic relationship between the two families, but are the result of convergent development. The common forerunner of all pigeon-like species was probably a fungus with resupinate fruiting bodies and a saprotrophic way of life. From this, resupinate ectomycorrhizal fungi may have developed at first, which then developed into cap mushrooms and finally into truffle-like belly mushrooms.
There are also some morphological similarities with Hericium and Lentinellus . Albatrellus and Hericium have a monomitic hyphae system and gloeocystiden / gloeoplere hyphae, which can be stained with sulfobenzaldehyde. In addition, albatrellus has amyloid hyphae in meat, a feature that is also found in Hericium and Lentinellus .
On the other hand, the Schafporlinge have a great similarity to representatives from the Polyporus relatives. Albatrellus syringae and Albatrellus peckianus , which formerly belonged to the sheep pigs, are now placed in their own genus Xanthoporus due to the molecular biological results . The representatives from the genus Jahnoporus also belong to the Polyporus relationship.
The goat-foot porling is related to the representatives of the genus Albatrellus , but is now part of the independent genus Scutiger .
Genera
The following genera belong to the family of Schafporlingsrelatives:
| photo | Species name | description |
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Sheepporlings Albatrellus Gray 1821 |
The picture shows Albatrellus ovinus , the type species of the genus. The mushrooms are divided into a hat and stem and have a porous fruit layer. |
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Byssusporlings Byssoporia Lars. & Zak 1978 |
The Byssusporling is a resupinate, porous species. |
| Fevansia Trappe & Castellano 2000 | Fevansia contains only the single species Fevansia aurantiaca . | |
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Haarstielporlinge Jahnoporus Nuss 1980 |
Jahnoporus has fruiting bodies with a hat and stem. Molecular biological studies of the 18S ribosomal RNA genes have shown that the genus belongs to the Polyporales relationship. There is no closer relationship to species from the family of the Schafporlingsverigen or the order of the pigeon-like. |
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Honeycomb truffle Leucogaster R. Hesse 1889 |
Leucogaster rubescens is a North American representative of the genus. The mushrooms have a truffle-like fruiting body, the gleba of which has a more or less distinct honeycomb structure. |
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White vein truffle Leucophleps Harkn. 1899 |
Leucophleps spinospora is a member of the truffle-like genus. The gleba has a more or less tubular (vein-like) structure. |
| Mycolevis A.H. Sm. 1965 | A truffle-like, North American genus. | |
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Polyporoletus Snell 1936 | The picture shows Polyporoletus sublividus , a member of a genus found in Asia and North America. The mushrooms have tough, corky fruit bodies that are divided into a hat and stem. |
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Goat foot sporlings Scutiger Paulet 1812 |
Due to its morphological similarity, the goat spore was earlier in the genus Albatrellus . Molecular biological data show, however, that the genus Scutiger is entirely at the base of the Albatrellaceae branch. |
Individual evidence
- ↑ TD Bruns et al .: A sequence database for identification of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes by phylogenetic analysis . In: Molecular Ecology . No. 7 , 1998, pp. 257–272 ( nature.berkeley.edu [PDF; 621 kB ]).
- ↑ a b Leucophleps Harkn. : 257, 1899. In: MycoBank.org. International Mycological Association, accessed February 19, 2013 .
- ^ A b Steven L. Miller et al .: Perspectives in the new Russulales . In: Mycological Society of America (Ed.): Mycologia . tape 98 , no. 6 , 2006, p. 960-970 ( univap.br [PDF]).
- ↑ Ellen Larsson, Karl-Henrik Larsson: Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa . In: Mycologia . tape 95 , no. 6 . The Mycological Society of America, 2003, pp. 1037-1065 ( mycologia.org [PDF; 1,2 MB ]).
- ^ Matthew E. Smith, Karlee J. Schell, Michael A. Castellano, Matthew J. Trappe, James M. Trappe: The enigmatic truffle Fevansia aurantiaca is an ectomycorrhizal member of the Albatrellus lineage . In: Mycorrhiza . tape 23 , no. 8 , 2013, ISSN 1432-1890 , p. 663-668 , doi : 10.1007 / s00572-013-0502-2 .
