Jib (sail)

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The Fock (of . Nd focken - "drawn up"; plural: Jibs) called on sailing ships different types of sail :

  • As a rectangular square sail , a jib is the lowest sail on the foremast , the first mast of a frame-rigged ship with several masts. Originally the jib was a "puller" there, as opposed to the "driver" or mizzen sail .

Types

Jib and genoa

Jib (green) compared to the genoa (blue) of a sailing boat

Unlike a Genoa the jib on slup- and schonergetakelten sailboats does not overlap the mast sail clew in front of the mast. Depending on the sail equipment, the jibs are called "Jib I", "Jib II" and "Storm jib" with decreasing size.

Storm jib

A storm jib is used in severe weather conditions. This is why it has a small sail area and is made of particularly resistant canvas. In addition, the clew is higher than that of a jib, so that the sea coming over the forecastle does not hit the sail so easily and thus endanger the rig and mast. The storm jib also has the advantage that it generates considerably more propulsion than a heavily reefed headsail. Cutter-rigged ships (sailing ships with up to two foresails) drive the storm jib on the inner forestay. In a heavy storm the storm jib is used together with a trysail .

Furling jib

On many slupgetakelten sailboats the jib is equipped with a rolling facility equipped and used as Rollfock referred. With this device, the jib can be rolled up - mostly on the forestay - in order to recover it or to reduce the sail area when reefing.

Self-tacking jib

With a self-tacking jib , the sheet is guided on a guardrail. The foresail can automatically pass over when turning and does not require manual operation.

Jib

The tree jib is also a self-tacking jib . In her will leech on a tree out what a cruising makes no Schotbedienung possible.

history

Roman rowing ship with a rectangular front sail on the steeply inclined foremast , called artemon

For thousands of years ships in antiquity sailed open and inland waters with a single sail, the mainsail . The introduction of the jib or headsail in early antiquity resulted in an increase in the area of ​​the sail, which increased speed and improved sailing properties.

Foresails - commonly in the form of square sails - were demonstrably first used in the northern Mediterranean area: The oldest example can be found on an Etruscan pyxis from Caere (Italy) from the middle of the 7th century BC. Pictured BC. The vessel shows a warship with a reefed mainsail attacking an opposing galley using a jib. A large foresail on an almost vertical foremast is shown in an Etruscan tomb painting from 475–450 BC. Reproduced BC. An artemon ( Greek for foresail), which is the size of the main sail, adorns a Corinthian crater from the late 6th century BC. BC, but Greek longships were usually content until the 4th century BC. In with the mainsail.

On Roman galleys , where the headsail is quite common, the mast was typically tilted over the bow at an angle of about 45 degrees, resembling the later bowsprit ; the small square sail seems to have been raised less for propulsion than as a steering aid. Although pictorial evidence is the most important source, evidence of foresails can also be indirectly provided by mast tracks that are too close to the bow for a main mast. On Roman ocean-going ships, the jib with the mainsail and topsail developed together to become the standard sails, which was supplemented by a mizzen sail on the largest cargo ships .

Roman merchant ship with a large foresail

Throughout antiquity, the sail area of ​​the jib and mizzen sail remained well behind that of the main sail, but was still large enough to require all running gear to function. In late antiquity , the foremast lost most of its tilt and on some ships rose almost vertically into the air.

At the same time, a profound change in rigging had taken place in Mediterranean shipping by the dawn of the early Middle Ages : the Latin sail , which first appeared on smaller Greco-Roman watercraft, replaced the antique square sail, which almost completely disappeared from the scene by the 14th century ( while it remained predominant on Nordic sailors). The Dromone , the late-rigged main battle galley of the Byzantine Navy , most likely had two sails, a larger headsail and one amidships . The length of the foremast is estimated to be around 12 meters, a little less than the contemporary war galleys of the Sicilians .

Multi-masted sailors reappeared in the Mediterranean in the late Middle Ages . The ship sizes increased steadily and with the growing tonnage the need for more sail area increased in order to ensure seaworthiness. In contrast to antiquity, the foresail on medieval ships was preceded by the mizzen sail, which can be traced back to the middle of the 14th century. In order to balance the sail plan , the next logical step was to place a foremast in front of the main mast, which is first depicted on a Catalan ink drawing from 1409. With the establishment of the three-master in European shipping, driven by square and latin sails and controlled by a hinged stern rudder , the technical basis was given at the beginning of the 15th century to set off on the great voyages of discovery .

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Lionel Casson : The Earliest Two-masted Ship. 1963, p. 109.
  2. ^ J. MacIntosh Turfa, AG Steinmayer: The Earliest Foresail, on Another Etruscan Vase. 1999, p. 295.
  3. ^ Lionel Casson: The Earliest Two-masted Ship. 1963, p. 111.
  4. ^ A b Lionel Casson: Two-masted Greek ships. 1980, p. 69.
  5. ^ Lionel Casson: The Earliest Two-masted Ship. 1963, p. 109.
  6. ^ Carlo Beltrame: Archaeological Evidence of the Foremast on Ancient Sailing Ships. 1996, p. 135.
  7. ^ A b c Lionel Casson: Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. 1995, pp. 239-243.
  8. ^ Lionel Casson: Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. 1995, pp. 243-245.
  9. ^ John H. Pryor, Elizabeth M. Jeffreys: The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ. The Byzantine Navy approx. 500–1204. 2006, pp. 153-161.
  10. ^ John H. Pryor, Elizabeth M. Jeffreys: The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ. The Byzantine Navy approx. 500–1204. 2006, pp. 238f., 244
  11. ↑ Lawrence V. Mott: A Three-masted Ship Depiction from 1409. 1994, pp. 39-40.

literature

Technique and types

history

  • Carlo Beltrame: Archaeological Evidence of the Foremast on Ancient Sailing Ships. In: The International Journal of Nautical Archeology. Volume 25, No. 2, 1996, pp. 135-139.
  • Lionel Casson : The Earliest Two-masted Ship. In: Archeology. Volume 16, No. 2, 1963, pp. 108-111.
  • Lionel Casson: Two-masted Greek ships. In: The International Journal of Nautical Archeology. Volume 9, No. 1, 1980, pp. 68-69.
  • Lionel Casson: Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8018-5130-0 .
  • Lawrence V. Mott: A Three-masted Ship Depiction from 1409. In: The International Journal of Nautical Archeology. Volume 23, No. 1, 1994, pp. 39-40.
  • John H. Pryor, Elizabeth M. Jeffreys: The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ. The Byzantine Navy approx. 500–1204. (= The Medieval Mediterranean. Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400-1500. Volume 62). Brill Academic Publishers, 2006, ISBN 90-04-15197-4 .
  • J. MacIntosh Turfa, AG Steinmayer: The Earliest Foresail, on Another Etruscan Vase. In: The International Journal of Nautical Archeology. Volume 28, No. 3, 1999, pp. 292-296.