Franciscan monastery in Neubrandenburg

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The Franciscan monastery in Neubrandenburg existed from the 13th century until the introduction of the Reformation in Mecklenburg . It is one of the most important architectural monuments in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania because of the fact that it is still intact . The refectory and the former St. Johannis monastery church are best preserved .

Today the majority of the monastery is part of the regional museum and contains the permanent and special exhibitions.

history

Foundation and development

Whether the Neubrandenburg Franciscan Convent was , as historians suspect, a foundation of the Ascanian Margraves of Brandenburg cannot be proven. A monastery was probably planned under Margrave Johann I when the city was founded in 1248 . Margrave Otto III is the founder . viewed. The Franciscans were settled around 1260. The convent belonged to the custody of Stettin of the Saxon order province ( provincia Saxonia ), whose provincial chapter met in Neubrandenburg as early as 1285 and thus provided the earliest written evidence of the existence of a monastery that had rooms to accommodate the chapter participants ; Margrave Otto may also have made his guest house available for the chapter participants. The Franciscan Order , founded in 1210, had been permanently resident in Germany since 1221 and had expanded to the Baltic Sea by 1230.

The St. Johannis monastery church around 1843

The dormitory may have been built in Neubrandenburg around 1270 , the eastern wing of the monastery square, which at that time usually connected to the north of the choir of the monastery church. The north wing with the refectory is said to have been built around 1300, which was rebuilt in the 14th century, a flat second floor above the high, vaulted ground floor and is the only structure of the convent house that has largely been preserved to this day. The first church, built in 1260, was made of field stone , a section of which can still be seen in the north wall. Probably in the 1320s-years the preserved to this day was two-aisled church building brick building with a nave and a lower northern ship built on a southern ship was due to the lack of space, and perhaps because of the failure to improve after the death of Prince Henry II. In Waived in 1329. The church got a high Gothic long choir with three vaulted yokes ; it had a 5/8 polygonal finish, was 17 meters to the eaves significantly higher than the nave and was one of the most important regional choir architectures. In the 15th century, the opening to the end of the choir was narrowed by a reinforced triumphal arch wall and a slender roof turret was added to the church .

The monastery was located in the north of the new city complex, near the initially wooden defense system, which was expanded into the city wall from the 14th century, but at some distance from the four city gates. The fangel tower in the northern city fortifications is also known as the “monk's tower” because of its proximity to the monastery. Nearby was the margravial prince's court, which indicates a foundation by the margrave. Opposite the monastery was a house of the beguines, who may have been looked after by the Franciscans. During the city fire of 1355, all monastery buildings were severely impaired and were restored in a modified form as a two-courtyard complex. Matthias Untermann suspects that, as in similar Franciscan monasteries in the Order of Saxonia, the inner courtyard facing the church was used for public events and the burial of lay people, while the outer courtyard served as a retreat for the convent. After that there were only minor modifications.

The economic basis of the convent was strengthened through donations of land and real estate as well as gifts in kind. Donors came from the regional aristocracy, the bourgeoisie and professional associations such as the Pelzer , the shopkeeper and the cobbler in Neubrandenburg. After Neubrandenburg became Mecklenburg with the rule of Stargard in 1298 , the new masters continued to feel responsible for the monastery and promoted it. When the foundation deeds and foundation privileges fell victim to a fire in 1355 - which also destroyed the monastery - Duke Johann I of Mecklenburg reaffirmed all rights. The margravial prince's court at the monastery was transferred from the Mecklenburg prince to knight Otto von Dewitz, who gave the first surviving foundation to the Franciscans ( fratribus tocius conuentus ordinis minorum in nostra ciuitate Nyenbrandenborch “the brothers of the whole convent of the order of the Friars Minor) in our city Neubrandenburg ”) and had given the brothers a Hufe Land in Watzkendorf to maintain the Eternal Light in the monastery church. In 1362 there is talk of procuratores seu prouisores (“procurators or provisional agents ”) who administered the foundations to the Franciscans, as they were not allowed to own property because of their vows of poverty. Wine, hosts and oil for church and worship, flour, grain and firewood were donated. It can be assumed that spiritual gifts in return, for example in the form of memories at Holy Mass , were expected from the donors . The Neubrandenburg Franciscan monastery may have had a date in Malchow .

In 1509 the convent in Neubrandenburg accepted the Martinian Constitutions as part of the disputes in the order about the observance , a middle line in the pursuit of the Franciscan ideal of poverty . In 1518 he was promoted to the Martinian “Province of St. John the Baptist ”. However, the provincial chapter of this province decided at its meeting in Neubrandenburg on October 13, 1521, a further division and the formation of a new province, which was confirmed by the order's leadership in 1523 as the province of Thuringia (provincia Thuringia) .

Closure and re-use

The Reformation reached Neubrandenburg in 1523, and there was already a Protestant community around 1530. In the 1530s there was a split in the Franciscan Convention. On July 1, 1532, the city council reported to Duke Heinrich V of Mecklenburg that there was a lot of trouble among the others in Munich . A friar and the Guardian left the monastery that year and got married, a large number of the brothers stayed in the monastery and elected a new Guardian. In 1535 they refused to accept the Duke's prohibition on celebrating Holy Mass and performing Catholic ceremonies, and resisted his orders to preach Protestantism.

The monastery church was used as a Protestant church from 1535. Initially, the Franciscans secretly celebrated Catholic services within the Convention, which significantly worsened their relationship with the Reformed citizens. The monastery property was inventoried in an inventory of the cleinodies of the gray closter and the pensions and income were rededicated to support poor and sick people . With the departure of the last Franciscan, the Guardian Nicolaus Schutte (Schulten), the Franciscan convent in Neubrandenburg ended in 1552. Schutte later got a job as a reader in the poor house on condition that he lead a regular married life.

Exhibition room for the regional museum in Neubrandenburg

The empty monastery buildings, whose dilapidated condition was still lamented in 1570, were transferred to the city of Neubrandenburg in 1592. This set up a municipal poorhouse with an attached hospital. Until a few years after the end of the Second World War , the building was used for socially disadvantaged residents of Neubrandenburg. After renovation and partial Gothicizing conversions in the 1970s, various communal and church facilities were housed in the areas that were preserved, including the registry office ; the west wing is available to the Stargard parish and the parish. From 2011, parts of the monastery building were converted into an exhibition site for the regional museum .

The choir of the St. Johannis monastery church was shortened to a yoke in the 19th century and partially collapsed. The church was renovated in the 1890s and partially redesigned in a neo-Gothic style; since 1945 it has served as the main Protestant church in Neubrandenburg.

From 1998 to 2004 there was again a branch of the Franciscans in Neubrandenburg, but in 2004 it was relocated to Waren (Müritz) .

literature

  • Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. A contribution to the history of the Franciscans, Poor Clares, Dominicans and Augustinian Hermits in the Middle Ages. (= Saxonia Franciscana. 6). Dietrich-Coelde-Verlag, Werl 1995, ISBN 3-87163-216-3 , pp. 75-79, 284-307, 385-387.
  • Ingo Ulpts-Stöckmann, Jens Christian Holst, Rainer Szczesiak: Neubrandenburg: Monastery of S. Johannes (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franciscan). In: Wolfgang Huschner , Ernst Münch , Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Handbook of the monasteries, monasteries, coming and priories (10th / 11th - 16th centuries). Volume I., Rostock 2016, ISBN 978-3-356-01514-0 , pp. 580-615.

Web links

Commons : Franziskanerkloster (Neubrandenburg)  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Gottfried Wentz: The Diocese of Havelberg. (Germania Sacra I.2.) Berlin, Leipzig 1933, p. 339, [1] .
  2. ^ Ingo Ulpts-Stockmann: Monastery of S. Johannes (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franziskaner). 2nd story. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume I., Rostock 2016, pp. 580–615, here pp. 581f.
  3. ↑ Annette Kugler-Simmerl: Bishop, Cathedral Chapter and Monasteries in the Diocese of Havelberg 1522-1598. Structural change and loss of function. ( Studies on Brandenburg and Comparative Regional History, Volume 1 ) Lukas-Verlag, Berlin 2003, ISBN 978-3-936872-07-1 , pp. 69-71 ( Google books ).
    Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, pp. 75f.79.
    Jens Christian Holst: Monastery of S. Johannes (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franciscan). 7. History of architecture and art. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume I., Rostock 2016, pp. 580–615, here p. 601.
  4. ^ Jens Christian Holst: Monastery of S. Johannes (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franziskaner). 7. History of architecture and art. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume I., Rostock 2016, pp. 580–615, here pp. 593f.596.599.607.
  5. ^ Jens Christian Holst: Monastery of S. Johannes (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franziskaner). 7.5. Art-historical classification. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume I., Rostock 2016, pp. 580–615, here p. 607, note 183, with reference to: Matthias Untermann: Public and Klausur. Observations on Franciscan monastery architecture in the province of Saxonia. In: Oliver Auge et al .: Monasteries, monasteries and convents north of the Elbe. Rahden 2009, pp. 199-208.
  6. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 78f.
    Jens Christian Holst: Monastery of S. Johannes (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franciscan). 7.2. Building history development. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume I., Rostock 2016, pp. 580–615, here pp. 594f.
  7. ↑ Mecklenburgisches Urkundenbuch MUB Volume XIII. Schwerin (1884) No. 8027
  8. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, pp. 77.79.290ff.
  9. ^ Jens Christian Holst: Monastery of S. Johannes (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franziskaner). 7. History of architecture and art. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume I., Rostock 2016, pp. 580–615, here p. 606.
  10. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 385ff.
    Ingo Ulpts-Stockmann: Monastery of S. Johannes (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franciscan). 2nd story. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume I., Rostock 2016, pp. 580–615, here p. 583.
  11. ^ Ingo Ulpts-Stockmann: Monastery of S. Johannes (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franziskaner). 2nd story. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume I., Rostock 2016, pp. 580–615, here pp. 583f.
  12. ^ German Franciscan Province of St. Elisabeth

Coordinates: 53 ° 33 ′ 35.5 ″  N , 13 ° 15 ′ 38.2 ″  E