Fritz Schumacher settlement
The Fritz-Schumacher-Siedlung is a settlement in the Hamburg district of Langenhorn , which was built from 1919 to 1921 under the direction of Fritz Schumacher . With almost 660 houses, it is the largest closed row and semi-detached housing estate in Hamburg in the 1920s and one of the most important settlement projects there at the time. It is a project influenced by the garden city idea, which should enable inexpensive living in the countryside with the possibility of partial self-sufficiency for its residents.
location
The settlement, which is accessible along the entire length of the Tangstedter Landstrasse, borders the Hohe Liedt road in the north, the Fritz-Schumacher-Allee and the Raakmoor -Grünzug in the east and the Wördenmoorweg in the south . The western border forms the continuous underground line from Langenhorn to Norderstedt. The center of the settlement is located approximately at the intersection of Highway Tangstedter with a park-like green space developed road Immenhöven . Access to the Langenhorn Nord underground station is also possible at a central point .
history
Due to the bad situation on the housing market after the First World War , the city of Hamburg planned its own large settlement project, which was mainly intended for families with many children and those returning from the war, as well as disabled people . On what was then Hamburg's land, there was only enough space available in Langenhorn for a settlement of the desired size, which is why the project was also named Kleinhaussiedlung Langenhorn . Almost 100 hectares of land in the immediate vicinity of the Langenhorner Bahn , some of which are already in operation , were expropriated and developed in return for appropriate compensation . The operation of the Langenhorn Railway was an important prerequisite for the construction, because it was initially used to transport construction materials and workers and, after full electrification in 1921, the residents could comfortably reach downtown Hamburg.
The area was mostly moor and heather, in the northern part there was an inland dune about 8 m high , the "Hohe Liedt", whose name is still used today by the northern boundary road of the settlement. The dune was removed and the swampy parts of the area were filled with its sand.
The lack of money and raw materials in the period immediately after the First World War and the high groundwater level on the site made the realization difficult. Therefore, the quality and equipment of the houses was very simple. Some of the buildings were built using the clay construction method, cavities were filled with blast furnace slag and foundations were reinforced with ammunition boxes. Even typical brick facades could not be realized at the time of construction. Overall, Schumacher experimented out of necessity with a large number of alternative construction methods known at the time. Baths and toilets with flushing water were dispensed with in order to save costs and materials, and the settlement was only given a sewage connection between 1928 and 1931. Due to the building materials used, it was assumed that the houses would have a useful life of only 50 years. The original color scheme of the houses went back to the painter, graphic artist and interior designer Otto Fischer-Trachau (1878–1958), who opted for strong earth tones.
The first houses were ready for occupancy in 1920. A total of 84.5 hectares were built on. The majority of the buildings (484 pieces) are terraced houses that were uniformly planned by Schumacher. All other house groups come partly from Schumacher and partly from other architects, which explains the clear differences in facade design and roof shape. The row houses are arranged in a north-south orientation almost parallel to Tangstedter Landstrasse. The semi-detached houses form chains aligned from east to west along the cross streets. Most of them were only built after the end of the inflationary period and, unlike the terraced houses, were not on state land, but on leasehold properties.
During the Second World War , the settlement was largely spared from damage. Therefore, it was completely overcrowded in the post-war period with many homeless Hamburgers.
As early as 1924 and a second time in 1933, the residents criticized construction defects such as damp cellars and walls, poorly insulated windows, poorly designed partition walls and ceilings and poor heating facilities. From the 1960s onwards, there was a strong need for renovation of the building fabric, at times a large-scale demolition of the settlement was being considered. However, the residents invested a lot of their own work and were able to repair the houses inexpensively and ensure the continued existence of the settlement. To this day, much of the work is done directly by the tenants and at their expense, for other work only the building materials are made available to the tenants.
In 1951 the settlement was officially named Fritz-Schumacher-Siedlung . The living conditions of the residents changed in the course of the growth of the city of Hamburg and the increasing motorization, so parking spaces for vehicles were created in more and more gardens. In 1962 an old people's home was built within the settlement , which was expanded in 2003.
A church within or in the immediate vicinity of the settlement was rejected by the majority of the residents until World War II. Today's Broder-Hinrick Church on Tangstedter Landstrasse was not built until after the war in 1954.
Living concept
The character of the settlement is determined by the 19 rows of terraced houses. These are up to 200 m long, never higher than 2 storeys and structured by regular heights, roof bay windows and prominent central structures. The alignment of the rows of houses could be chosen so that living rooms and terraces face west to the sun. The living space of the houses is between 75 and 80 m². Originally, each apartment had a kitchen-living room, a small utility room and four rooms, none of which was larger than 16 m².
The 650 m² gardens allocated to the houses are an important part of the concept, as they support the supply of food to the residents on the one hand and should absorb the sewage from the houses on the other hand in the beginning. Schumacher arranged the gardens on both sides of the rows of houses in order to get a "garden-technically usable plot shape" and thus a sufficient garden area for each residential unit despite the small possible width. In addition, each row house had a small extension, which was originally intended as a stable for pets, but in which the sanitary facilities were installed after the connection to the Hamburg sewer network . The administration provided the residents with three fruit trees of various types for each garden and made sure that they were maintained and preserved. To promote horticulture, a separate business cooperative was founded in 1922, which supported the residents with training, gardening tools, seeds and seedlings.
All apartments have their own ground level entrances, the kitchen-cum-living rooms form the central lounge. In Schumacher's concept, this kitchen-cum-living room was the only completely heatable room from which the warm air was supposed to spread over the rest of the apartment. Right from the start, there were particularly many complaints from residents because the rooms on the ground floor only allowed a low temperature and the rooms on the upper floor could only be guaranteed frost-free. This heating concept therefore very soon no longer met the increased demands typical of the time, which is why the heating systems were supplemented by stoves in the living rooms.
Community facilities were planned at four locations in the settlement. Among other things, a school, two centers for local supply and a central building for settlement administration, police, fire brigade and post were planned. Of these, only the row of shops at the Tangstedter Landstrasse / Timmerloh intersection and today's Fritz Schumacher School were realized. The importance of the school for Schumacher's concept is also reflected in the fact that he expressly had teachers' apartments built within the settlement that had one room more than usual. The school and the teachers who worked there were an integral part of the settlement for him. As an extension of the community facilities, an outdoor swimming pool was built in 1935 on the northern edge of the settlement , which has not changed much to this day.
Settler community
The city administration selected the original residents according to the principle that large families and those returning from war should be given preference. The overwhelming majority were therefore either craftsmen, white-collar workers or civil servants with low incomes, as well as members of the rising workforce. As early as 1920, the residents, known since then as “Börner”, formed a community of settlers who were involved in all administrative issues. The settler community supported the everyday life of its members with a variety of social activities and an aid organization.
In terms of their social origin, the majority of the residents at the beginning of the 1930s were politically left. With the beginning of the National Socialist era , this political view was to be suppressed. The settler community was dissolved, the administration was centralized. Around 50 families had to leave the settlement for political reasons, and their apartments were given to NSDAP members. Nonetheless, the settlement remained politically uneasy, waves of arrests continued in the following years, a further 73 people were sent to prisons or concentration camps , and the teaching staff at the school was changed from an ideological point of view.
Ownership
The city of Hamburg owns the site. From 1920 onwards, the estate was managed and landed by the "Hamburger Heimstätten Gemeinschaft GmbH", which was fully owned by Hamburg, and SAGA until 1989 after the end of the Second World War . From this a newly founded cooperative took over the administration and leasing of the settlement.
Monument protection
After Hamburg introduced the instrument of milieu protection in 1971 , the Fritz-Schumacher-Siedlung was quickly placed under this protection in 1975. Until the mid-1990s, the residents carried out various inconsistent modernizations on their own. The appearance of the settlement barely allowed it to be viewed as a cultural monument. However, there was a constant readjustment to the original state, controlled by the cooperative. From 2006 there was a conservation ordinance that made specifications for the facade design, with the new version of the Hamburg Monument Protection Act in 2013, the settlement came under monument protection .
Photographs and map
Coordinates: 53 ° 39 ′ 22 ″ N , 10 ° 1 ′ 10 ″ E
Row of terraced houses
Duplex
Row of shops on Tangstedter Landstrasse
Personalities
- Wolf Biermann (* 1936), German songwriter and poet, lived with his mother at Laukamp 10 after the bombing in 1943 in Hammerbrook .
- Holger Börnsen (1931–2019), German graphic artist, draftsman, painter and illustrator, was born in Tangstedter Landstrasse 225 and grew up there.
- Johannes Böse (1879–1955), German pedagogue and art patron, teacher at the Fritz Schumacher School and founder of the Griffelkunst-Vereinigung lived in Timmerloh 25.
- Carl Burmester (1905 – after 1945), German resistance fighter, lived in the settlement.
- Agnes Gierck (1886–1944), German resistance fighter, lived with her family at Wattkorn 8.
- Bruno Lauenroth (1906–1971) German resistance fighter, lived at 32 Immenhöven Street .
- Walter Schmedemann (1901–1976), German politician (SPD), Hamburg Senator for Health, lived in Borner Stieg 28.
- Herbert Spangenberg (1907–1984), German painter, lived for a while in Timmerloh 7.
- Willi Tessmann (1908–1948), German policeman and commander of the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel police prison, lived with his family at Tangstedter Landstrasse 227 until his arrest .
- Max Weiss (1884–1954), German painter and graphic artist, lived and printed in Laukamp 8.
- Gerd Schulze, Irmgard Meggers, Arthur Koß, Karl Reese, Carl Suhling and Adele Rühl, who are on the list of stumbling blocks in Hamburg-Langenhorn , also lived in the estate.
literature
- Ralf Lange : Architecture in Hamburg . Junius Verlag , Hamburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-88506-586-9 , p. 243 f .
- Dirk Schubert: Hamburg's residential areas . Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-496-01317-6 , p. 146-149 .
- Jobst C. Knigge : 100 Years of the Fritz Schumacher Settlement in Hamburg , Humboldt University Berlin , 2016 ( PDF file )
Individual evidence
- ↑ Lange, Architektur in Hamburg , p. 243 gives 658 houses , Schubert, Hamburger Wohnquartiere , p. 147 gives 1049 apartments , the description on the website of the Hamburg-Nord district and the homepage of the cooperative give 660 houses . In Knigge, 100 Years of the Fritz Schumacher Settlement , both 660 and 658 houses can be found.
- ↑ The history of the settlement , accessed June 24, 2020.
- ↑ The area of the gardens is 650 m² according to Schubert, Knigge and Cooperative, the property size is 750 m² according to Lange and Schubert.
- ↑ Characterization by Schumacher, quoted in Schubert, Hamburger Wohnquartiere , p. 147 (see section Literature).
- ^ Founding of the FSS cooperative on their homepage; accessed on January 30, 2018.
- ^ Urban planning conservation ordinance for the settlement on the website of the Hamburg-Nord district ; accessed on February 23, 2018.
Web links
- Homepage of the "Cooperative of the Fritz-Schumacher-Siedlung Langenhorn eG"
- Homepage of the "Association of Fritz-Schumacher-Siedlung Langenhorn eV"