Against king
An anti-king is a king who - due to broken, unstable or unclear power relationships or unregulated or controversial succession - was set up against a reigning king in order to overthrow him. Opposing kings occurred more frequently in elective monarchies such as the Holy Roman Empire than in hereditary monarchies such as England or France .
Some of the opposing kings were able to assert themselves with their claim to power and were recognized as legitimate kings, for example Friedrich II. With some, such as Heinrich II. (Bavaria) and Ekbert II. (Meißen) , their status as king or counter-king is still controversial today.
With the regulation of the election of a king by the Golden Bull of Charles IV (1356), the election of an opposing king was almost ruled out in the Holy Roman Empire.
Counter kings in the East Franconian and Holy Roman Empire
- Arnulf the Evil (919–921 possibly against Henry I )
- Heinrich the quarrel (984–985 possibly against Otto III. )
- Rudolf von Rheinfelden (1077-1080 against Heinrich IV. )
- Hermann von Salm (1081-1088 against Heinrich IV.)
- Konrad (III.) (1093-1098 against his father Heinrich IV., Previously his co-king since 1087)
- Conrad III. (1127–1135 against Lothar III. ), Sole king 1138–1152
- Friedrich II. (1212–1215 against Otto IV. ), Sole king / emperor 1215 / 1220–1246
- Heinrich Raspe (1246–1247 against Friedrich II. )
- Wilhelm von Holland (1248–1254 against Friedrich II. And Conrad IV. ), Sole king 1254–1256
- Albrecht I of Austria (1298 against Adolf von Nassau ), sole king 1298–1308
- Charles IV (1346 against Ludwig IV. The Bavarian ), sole king / emperor 1346-1349 and 1349 / 1355-1378
- Günther von Schwarzburg (1349 against Charles IV. )
Double elections in the Holy Roman Empire
1198:
- Philip of Swabia 1198–1208
- Otto IV. 1198-1215 (emperor since 1209, de facto deposition in 1212)
1257:
- Richard of Cornwall 1257-1272
- Alfonso of Castile 1257–1273
1314:
- Friedrich (III.) The Beautiful 1314–1330
- Ludwig IV. The Bavarian 1314–1346 (Emperor since 1328)
1410:
- Sigismund 1410–1437 (emperor since 1433)
- Jobst of Moravia 1410–1411
Bohemian rival kings
- Matthias I. Corvinus (1469–1490 against Georg von Podiebrad and Vladislav II. )
- Friedrich von der Pfalz (1619–1632 against Ferdinand II ; already overthrown in 1620, therefore called "the winter king")
- Karl Albrecht of Bavaria (1741–1745 against Maria Theresa , in fact overthrown in 1743)
French rival kings
- Guido of Spoleto (888 against Odo of Paris )
- Robert I (922–923 against Charles III. The simple )
- Henry VI. of England (1431 against Charles VII. )
- Karl Cardinal von Bourbon as Karl X. (1589–1590 against Henry IV. )
Between 1340 and 1801 all English kings claimed the title of "King of France", but Henry VI was. as the only one also crowned.
English rival kings
- Sven Gabelbart (1013-1014 against Æthelred II. )
- Canute the Great (1016 against Edmund Ironside ), sole king 1016–1035
- Louis the Lion (1216–1217 against Johann Ohneland and Heinrich III. ); as Louis VIII. King of France 1223–1226
- Maria I the Bloody / Catholic (1553 against Jane Gray ), sole queen 1553–1558
Scottish rival kings
- Amlaib / Olaf (971? –977 against Kenneth II. )
- Duncan II. (1094 against Donald III. )
- Edward Balliol (1333-1336 against David II Bruce )
See also
literature
- Heinrich Mitteis : The German election for a king. Your legal basis up to the golden bull , 2nd, extended edition, Rohrer, Brünn, Munich, Vienna 1944, p. 113 ff.
- Michaela Muylkens: Reges geminati. The “Gegenkönige” in the time of Henry IV (= historical studies , vol. 501). Matthiesen, Husum 2012, ISBN 978-3-7868-1501-3 (also: Diss., Univ. Bonn 2009).
- Dietmar Willoweit : German constitutional history. From the Franconian Empire to the Reunification of Germany , 5th, extended edition supplemented by a time table and a map appendix, Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-52637-3 , pp. 71 f., 94 ff.
- Gerhard Theuerkauf : Gegenkönig . In: Concise dictionary on German legal history , 2nd, completely revised and expanded edition. Edited by Albrecht Cordes , Heiner Lück , Dieter Werkmüller and Ruth Schmidt-Wiegand as philological advisor. Editing: Falk Hess and Andreas Karg, Volume I: Aachen-Geistliche Bank, Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-503-07912-4 , Sp. 1995–1996.
