Barley (genus)

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barley
Illustrations: 1: Mouse barley (Hordeum murinum, left) 2: Rye barley (Hordeum secalinum, right) 3: Beach barley (Hordeum marinum, center)

Illustrations: 1: Mouse barley ( Hordeum murinum , left)
2: Rye barley ( Hordeum secalinum , right)
3: Beach barley ( Hordeum marinum , center)

Systematics
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Pooideae
Tribe : Triticeae
Genre : barley
Scientific name
Hordeum
L.

Barley ( Hordeum ) is a genus of plants in the sweet grass family (Poaceae). There are currently 34 differentiated species that are common in Europe , Asia , North America , South America and South Africa. The most important and most cultivated species is the cultivated barley ( Hordeum vulgare ), by the occurring in Southwest Asia wild barley ( Hordeum spontaneum K.Koch others) or opinion ( Hordeum vulgare subsp. Spontaneum ) derived. Other species such as mouse and beach barley have been introduced by humans in large parts of the world and spread there as weeds.

Karyotype

In all types of barley, the karyotype is based on a chromosome set of seven chromosomes (x = 7). There are diploid (2n = 14), tetraploid (2n = 28) and hexaploid (2n = 42) species and in some species there are also different numbers of chromosome sets within the species. So there is the mouse barley in the subspecies Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum with both fourfold and sixfold and the beach barley Hordeum marinum subsp. gussoneanum with two and four sets of chromosomes. The genome of the species is believed to be based on four basic types called I, Xa, Xu, and H. The H-type occurs in the cultivated barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) and Hordeum bulbosum , the Xu-type only in the mouse barley and the Xa-type only in the two beach barley. All other types have the I-type. Polyploid species can combine several types of genomes. For example, the genomes of rye-barley ( Hordeum secalinum ), Hordeum capense and hexaploid Hordeum brachyantherum cytotypes consist of a combination of the I and Xa genomes. This shows that speciation through hybridization occurred within the barley , which makes phylogenetic studies difficult.

Maned barley ( Hordeum jubatum )
Maned barley ( Hordeum jubatum )
Mouse barley ( Hordeum murinum )
Mouse barley ( Hordeum murinum )
Rye barley ( Hordeum secalinum )
Two-row barley ( Hordeum vulgare f. Distichon )

species

The genus Hordeum currently includes about 36 species:

  • Hordeum aegiceras Nees ex Royle : It occurs from Tibet to Mongolia.
  • Hordeum arizonicum Covas : It occurs mainly in Arizona , but also in California, New Mexico and northern Mexico.
  • Hordeum bogdanii Wilensky : It occurs from southern European Russia to Mongolia and the western Himalayas.
  • Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski : It occurs from the Aleutian Islands and Alaska to northwestern Mexico and in Far Eastern Russia.
  • Hordeum brachyatherum Phil .: It occurs in central and southern Chile.
  • Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link ; Distribution area: from Eastern Europe to Russia's Far East and the Himalayas. With the subspecies:
    • Hordeum brevisubulatum subsp. brevisubulatum
    • Hordeum brevisubulatum subsp. iranicum Bothmer
    • Hordeum brevisubulatum subsp. nevskianum (Bowden) Tzvelev
    • Hordeum brevisubulatum subsp. turkestanicum (Nevski) Tzvelev
    • Hordeum brevisubulatum subsp. violaceum (Boiss. & Huet) Tzvelev
  • Bulbous barley ( Hordeum bulbosum L. ): It occurs from the Mediterranean region to West and Central Asia.
  • Hordeum californicum Covas & Stebbins ; occurs only in California, Nevada, and Oregon.
  • Hordeum capense Thunb. ; occurs in South Africa and Lesotho .
  • Hordeum chilense Roem. & Schult. ; occurs in Chile, on the Juan Fernandez Islands and with few populations in Argentina.
  • Hordeum comosum J. Presl ; occurs in steppes of southern Patagonia, Argentina and Chile.
  • Hordeum cordobense Bothmer, N. Jacobsen & Nicora ; occurs only in northern Argentina.
  • Hordeum depressum (Scribn. & JG Sm.) Rydb. ; occurs mainly in California, but also in Oregon , Idaho, Washington, and northwestern Mexico.
  • Hordeum erectifolium Bothmer, N. Jacobsen & RB Jørg. ; occurs only in Argentina (Buenos Aires region).
  • Hordeum euclaston Steud. ; occurs only in Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil.
  • Hordeum flexuosum Steud. ; occurs only in Argentina and Uruguay, previously also in Colombia.
  • Hordeum fuegianum Bothmer, N. Jacobsen & RB Jørg. ; occurs only in South America ( Tierra del Fuego ), in southern Argentina and in southern Chile (Magellanes).
  • Hordeum guatemalense Bothmer, N. Jacobsen & RB Jørg. ; occurs only in northern Guatemala at altitudes of 3000 to 3500 m.
  • Hordeum halophilum Griseb. ; this species occurs on both sides of the Andes through Argentina and Chile and occasionally in Bolivia and Peru.
  • Maned barley ( Hordeum jubatum L. ); originally from Siberia to the Caucasus and northeastern China and in North America to Mexico and central Argentina, but is a neophyte in Europe, South Africa, and New Zealand.
  • Hordeum lechleri (Steud.) Schenck ; occurs only in Argentina, Chile and the Falkland Islands .
  • Beach barley ( Hordeum marinum L. ): With two subspecies:
    • Dry bristle beach barley ( Hordeum marinum subsp. Gussoneanum (Parl.) Thell .; Syn .: Hordeum geniculatum All .; Hordeum hystrix Roth ); Distribution area: Eastern Central Europe to the Mediterranean and the western Himalayas.
    • Hordeum marinum subsp. marinum : It occurs in Macaronesia, from Europe to the Caucasus and from the Mediterranean region to Iran.
  • Mouse barley ( Hordeum murinum L. ); Distribution area: Europe, Asia, North Africa, but occurs worldwide. With the subspecies:
    • Hordeum murinum subsp. glaucum (Steud.) Tzvelev : It occurs from Macaronesia to the Crimea and the western Himalayas.
    • Brown-red mouse barley ( Hordeum murinum subsp. Leporinum (Link) Arcang. ): It occurs from the Mediterranean region to Central Asia and the western Himalayas and also in Macaronesia.
    • Hordeum murinum subsp. montanum (Hack.) H. Scholz & Raus
    • Hordeum murinum subsp. murinum : It occurs in the Azores and from Europe to the western Himalayas.
    • Hordeum murinum subsp. setariurum H.Scholz & Raus
  • Hordeum muticum J. Presl : It occurs from Peru to northern Argentina.
  • Hordeum parodii Covas : It occurs only in Argentina.
  • Hordeum patagonicum (Hauman) Covas : It occurs from southern Chile to Argentina. The following subspecies can be distinguished:
    • Hordeum patagonicum subsp. magellanicum (Parodi & Nicora )
    • Hordeum patagonicum subsp. mustersii (Nicora) Bothmer, Giles & N. Jacobsen
    • Hordeum patagonicum subsp. patagonicum
    • Hordeum patagonicum subsp. santacrucense (Parodi & Nicora) Bothmer, Giles & N. Jacobsen
    • Hordeum patagonicum subsp. setifolium (Parodi & Nicora) Bothmer, Giles & N. Jacobsen
  • Hordeum procerum Nevski ; occurs only in Argentina.
  • Hordeum pubiflorum Hook. f. ; occurs only in southern Argentina and southern and central Chile.
  • Hordeum pusillum Nutt. : It occurs from western Canada to northern Mexico, Bermuda and Argentina.
  • Hordeum roshevitzii Bowden : It occurs from Siberia to Korea and Central Asia.
  • Rye-barley ( Hordeum secalinum Schreb. ); Distribution area: mainly in northwestern France and southern England, but also from southern Sweden, Madeira and along the coasts of Europe to the Mediterranean area and the Middle East, naturalized in North and South America and South Africa.
  • Hordeum stenostachys Godron ; occurs only in Argentina, Uruguay, southernmost Brazil and southern Africa.
  • Hordeum tetraploidum Covas ; occurs only in Argentina and southern Chile.
  • Culture barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. ) with the subspecies:
    • Wild barley ( Hordeum vulgare subsp. Spontaneum (K. Koch) Thell .; Syn .: Hordeum spontaneum K. Koch ); originally in the area from Greece and Egypt to Afghanistan, Pakistan to Central Asia and China.
    • Cultivated barley ( Hordeum vulgare subsp. Vulgare ), with the forms:
      • Two-line barley ( Hordeum vulgare var. Distichon (L.) Hack .; But is also regarded as a separate species, Hordeum distichon L. ). Taxonomically not a valid unit (see next paragraph).
      • Six-row barley ( Hordeum vulgare f. Hexastichon (L.) M. Hiroe ; Syn .: Hordeum hexastichon L. ); Six-line form arises / emerged again and again independently from the original two-line form through the loss of the function of the Vrs1 gene. As taxonomic categories, the distinction between var. Distichon and f. hexastichon not appropriate because it is not a monophyletic unit.
    • Hordeum vulgare subsp. agriocrithon (Åberg) Á. Löve & D. Löve , (Syn .: Hordeum agriocrithon Åberg ), a six-line weed family that is descended from cultivated barley and is widespread in the Mediterranean area, as before no taxonomically valid unit.

literature

  • R. von Bothmer, N. Jacobsen, C. Baden, RB Jørgensen, I. Linde-Laursen: An ecogeographical study of the genus Hordeum . 2nd Edition. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome 1995, ISBN 92-9043-229-2 ( online ( memento of January 1, 2005 in the Internet Archive )).
  • FR Blattner: Phylogenetic analysis of Hordeum (Poaceae) as inferred by nuclear rDNA ITS sequences . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . tape 33 , no. 2 , 2004, p. 289-299 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2004.05.012 .
  • FR Blattner: Multiple intercontinental dispersals shaped the distribution area of Hordeum (Poaceae) . In: New Phytologist . tape 169 , no. 3 , 2006, p. 603-614 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1469-8137.2005.01610.x .
  • FR Blattner: Progress in phylogenetic analysis and a new infrageneric classification of the barley genus Hordeum (Poaceae: Triticeae) . In: Breeding Science . tape 69 , no. 5 , 2009, p. 471-480 , doi : 10.1270 / jsbbs.59.471 .
  • J. Brassac, FR Blattner: Species-level phylogeny and polyploid relationships in Hordeum (Poaceae) inferred by next-generation sequencing and in silico cloning of multiple nuclear loci. In: Systematic Biology . Volume 64, No. 5, 2015, pp. 792-808, doi : 10.1093 / sysbio / syv035 .
  • SS Jakob, A. Ihlow, FR Blattner: Combined ecological niche modeling and molecular phylogeography revealed the evolutionary history of Hordeum marinum (Poaceae) - niche differentiation, loss of genetic diversity, and speciation in Mediterranean Quaternary refugia . In: Molecular Ecology . tape 16 , no. 8 , 2007, p. 1713-1727 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-294X.2007.03228.x .
  • SS Jakob, E. Martinez-Meyer, FR Blattner: Phylogeographic analyzes and paleodistribution modeling indicates Pleistocene in situ survival of Hordeum species (Poaceae) in southern Patagonia without genetic or spatial restriction . In: Molecular Biology and Evolution . tape 26 , no. 4 , 2009, p. 907-923 , doi : 10.1093 / molbev / msp012 .
  • T. Komatsuda et al .: Six-rowed barley originated from a mutation in a homeodomain-leucine zipper I-class homeobox gene. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA . Volume 104, No. 4, 2007, pp. 1424-1429, doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0608580104 .
  • T. Pleines, FR Blattner: Phylogeographic implications of an AFLP phylogeny of the American diploid Hordeum species (Poaceae: Triticeae) . In: Taxon . tape 57 , no. 3 , 2008, p. 875-881 ( online ).
  • Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 , p. 1467.

Web links

Commons : Barley (genus)  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Hordeum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  2. ↑ a b c R. von Bothmer, N. Jacobsen, C. Baden, RB Jørgensen, I. Linde-Laursen: An ecogeographical study of the genus Hordeum . 2nd Edition. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome 1995, ISBN 92-9043-229-2 ( online ( memento of January 1, 2005 in the Internet Archive )). An ecogeographical study of the genus Hordeum ( Memento of the original from January 1, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ipgri.cgiar.org
  3. ↑ a b Hildemar Scholz, Thomas Raus: Two new subspecies of the Hordeum murinum (Gramineae) from Greece and Spain. In: Fedde's repertory. Volume 108, No. 7-8, 1997, pp. 527-531, doi : 10.1002 / fedr.19971080704 .
  4. ↑ Hildemar Scholz: The emergence of the weed barley, Hordeum vulgare subsp. agriocrithon emend. In: Botanical yearbooks for systematics and plant geography. Volume 106, No. 3, 1986, pp. 419-426.