Triticeae

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Triticeae
Wheat (triticum)

Wheat ( triticum )

Systematics
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Pooideae
Tribe : Triticeae
Scientific name
Triticeae
Dumort.

The tribe Triticeae belongs to the sweet grass family (Poaceae). The approximately 500 species in over 27 genera grow predominantly in temperate and warm-temperate areas of the northern hemisphere. It contains, among other things, important cultivated grasses such as wheat , barley and rye .

description

Grain products from species of the Triticeae (clockwise from top): wheat flour, spelled, barley, rye flakes

Vegetative characteristics

The species of the Triticaeae are annual (around 100 species) to perennial (around 400 species) herbaceous plants . Depending on the species, they may or may not form rhizomes . They grow clump or lawn-like.

The alternate leaves arranged on the stalks are divided into leaf sheath and leaf blade. The leaf sheaths are open to the base, rarely closed. The ligules are leaf-like or designed as a membrane. The simple leaf blades are long, lanceolate, flat or rolled.

Generative characteristics

The individual terminal inflorescences are two-line, linear to egg-shaped spikes . The axes of the ears are flattened. The usually sessile and flattened spikelets arise singly or in groups of two to three at a node , rarely there are more. They are single to multiple flowered. The terminal flower is usually narrower or sterile. The glumes are mostly membranous or leathery and sometimes awned or completely reduced. The lemmas are five to eleven-nerved. The palea have two keels. The florets have two free cavernous bodies (lodiculae). There are three stamens and two stigmas . The ovaries are usually hairy at the top.

The caryopsis is elliptical or ovoid.

Chromosomes

The chromosomes are relatively large. The basic chromosome number is x = 7.

Systematics and distribution

Taxonomy

The tribe Triticeae was set up in 1824 by Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier in Observations sur les Graminees de la Flore Belgique , 82. Type genus is Triticum L. Synonyms for tribe Triticeae Dumort. are: Aegilopineae Orb. , Hordeeae Kunth ex Spenn. , Frumenteae Krause nom. illeg., Secaleinae Rchb. .

Internal system

The tribe Triticeae is divided into two sub-tribes and contains about 27 genera (as of 2015):

  • Subtribe Hordeinae Dumort. (Syn .: Elyminae Benth. , Agropyrinae Nevski , Clinelyminae Nevski nom. Illeg., Roegneriinae Nevski , Henrardiinae CEHubb. ): It contains about 21 genera:
    • Comb Quicks ( Agropyron Gaertner , Syn .: Costia Willk. ): The twelve or so species are mainly found in Eurasia and North Africa, including:
    • Anthosachne Steud. : The approximately nine species occur from New Guinea to Australasia . She was previously placed with Elymus .
    • Australopyrum (Tzvelev) Á.Löve : The approximately five species occur in New Guinea , in eastern to south-eastern Australia and in New Zealand .
    • Connorochloa Barkworth et al. : It was set up in 2009 and contains only one species:
      • Connorochloa tenuis (Buchanan) Barkworth, SWLJacobs & HQZhang : It only occurs in New Zealand.
    • Crithopsis Jaub. & Spach : It contains only one type:
    • Quecken ( Elymus L. , Syn .: Asperella Humb. , Braconotia Godr. , Campeiostachys Drobow , Clinelymus (Griseb.) Nevski , Cockaynea Zotov , Crithopyrum Steud. , Cryptopyrum Heynh. , Elytrigia Desv. , Goulardia Husn. , Gymnostichum Schreb. , Hystrix Moench , Peridictyon Seberg et al. , Polyantherix Nees , Psammopyrum Á.Löve , Roegneria K.Koch , Semeiostachys Drobow , Sitanion Raf. , Sitospelos Adans. Nom. Superflat., Stenostachys Turcz. , Terrellia Lunell nom. Superfl., × Elymotrigia Hyl. , × Elysitanion Bowden , × Pseudelymus Barkworth & DRDewey , × Terrelymus B.R.Baum ): The scope of this genus is controversial. The 40 to over 200 species are distributed from the temperate and subtropical areas of the northern hemisphere to Central and South America and also in New Zealand. Most of the species are found in Asia. There are about 88 species in China; 62 of them only there.
    • Eremopyrum (Ledeb.) Jaubert & Spach (Syn .: Cremopyrum Schur orth. Var.): The roughly four species occur from the eastern Mediterranean to the Himalayas , from Romania to Mongolia and also in northwest Africa. In China, four species are found only in Tibet , Inner Mongolia, and Xinjiang Province.
    • Festucopsis (CEHubb.) Melderis It contains only one species:
    • Henrardia C.E.Hubbard : The only two species are from the Eastern Mediterranean to Central Asia and Pakistan widespread.
    • Heteranthelium Hochst. ex Jaub. & Spach : It contains only one type:
    • Hordelymus (Jess.) Jess. ex Harz (Syn .: Cuviera Koeler , Leptothrix (Dumort.) Dumort. , Medusather (Griseb.) P.Candargy ): It contains only one species:
    • Barley ( Hordeum L. , Syn .: Critesion Raf. , Critho E. Mey . , Zeocriton Wolf ): The 30 to 40 species are in the temperate areas of Eurasia , in Macaronesia , in North Africa and in southern Africa , from North America to Guatemala , distributed in Bermuda and from Peru to southern South America.
    • Kengyilia C.Yen & JLYang : The approximately 27 species are distributed from eastern Turkey to southwestern Siberia and central Asia to central China. There are 24 species in China; 21 of them only there. These species have so far mostly been placed with Elymus or Elytrigia .
    • Beach rye ( Leymus Hochstetter , Syn .: Aneurolepidium Nevski , Eremium Seberg & Linde-Laursen , Macrohystrix (Tzvelev) Tzvelev & Prob. , Malacurus Nevski , Microhystrix (Tzvelev) Tzvelev & Prob. ): The approximately 55 species are from the subarctic and the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere to Mexico and also in southern South America. There are 24 species in China, 11 of which are only there.
    • Pascopyrum Á.Löve : It contains only one species:
      • Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) Á.Löve : It is widespread from North America to northeastern Mexico.
    • Peridictyon Seberg : It was set up in 1991 and contains only one species:
    • Psathyrostachys Nevski ex Komarov : The ten or so species thrive in the steppes and semi-deserts of Eurasia . They occur from western Russia to Siberia and northern China and from Turkey to Central Asia and Pakistan. There are five species in China, two of which are only there.
    • Pseudoroegneria (Nevski) Á.Löve : The approximately 15 species are distributed from southeast Europe to the temperate zones of Asia and from Alaska to the USA. So far they have mostly been placed with Elymus or Elytrigia .
    • Rye ( Secale L. ): The approximately nine species occur in eastern Central Europe, in Eastern Europe, from the Mediterranean area to northwestern China and the western Himalayas and in southern Africa.
    • Stenostachys Turcz. : The four or so species occur only in New Zealand.
    • Taeniatherum Nevski : It contains only one species:
  • Subtribus Triticinae Fr. (Syn .: Aegilopinae Nevski ): It contains about five genera:
    • Aegilops L. nom. cons. (Syn .: Amblyopyrum prop , Aegilemma Á.Löve , Aegilonearum Á.Löve , Aegilopodes Á.Löve , Chennapyrum Á.Löve , Comopyrum (Jaub. & Spach) Á.Löve , Cylindropyrum (Jaub. & Spach) Á.Löve , Gastropyrum (Jaub. & Spach) Á.Löve , Kiharapyrum Á.Löve , Orrhopygium Á.Löve , Patropyrum Á.Löve , Perlaria Heist. Ex Fabr. , Sitopsis (Jaub. & Spach) Á.Löve ): The approximately 23 species come mainly in the Mediterranean and Macaronesia, some species occur as far as North Africa or from Southeast Europe to the Himalayas, Central Asia or China.
    • Amblyopyrum Eig : it contains only one species:
    • Dasypyrum (Coss. & Durieu) T.Durand (Syn .: Haynaldia Schur nom. Illeg., Pseudosecale (Godr.) Degen ): The roughly two species occur from the Mediterranean to Central Asia.
    • Thinopyrum Á.Löve : The eleven species are distributed from Europe to Central Asia, from Macaronesia to Pakistan and in southern Africa. So far they have mostly been placed with Agropyron or Elymus .
    • Wheat ( Triticum L. , Syn .: Crithodium Link , Deina Alef. , Frumentum E.HLKrause , Gigachilon Seidl , Nivieria Ser. , Spelta Wolf , Zeia Lunell ): The approximately five species come from the Mediterranean region to Central Asia and northwestern India and beyond in Ethiopia . As a cultivated plant, the species occur in temperate areas and tropical mountain regions worldwide.

swell

literature

  • Shou-liang Chen, Guanghua Zhu: In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 22 - Poaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2006, ISBN 1-930723-50-4 . Triticeae , p. 386 ff. - online with the same text as the printed work. (Sections Description and Systematics)
  • Richard RC Wang, Baorong Lu: Biosystematic and evolutionary relationships of perennial Triticeae species revealed by genomic analyzes. In: Journal of Systematics and Evolution , Volume 56, 2014, pp. 697-705. doi : 10.1111 / jse.12084

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Richard RC Wang, Baorong Lu: Biosystematic and evolutionary relationships of perennial Triticeae species revealed by genomic analyzes. In: Journal of Systematics and Evolution , Volume 56, 2014, pp. 697-705. doi : 10.1111 / jse.12084
  2. ↑ B. Valdés, H. Scholz, with the participation of E. von Raab-Straube, G. Parolly, 2009: Poaceae (pro parte majore). In: Triticeae in Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Robert J. Soreng, Paul M. Peterson, Konstantin Romaschenko, Gerrit Davidse, Fernando O. Zuloaga , Emmet J. Judziewicz, Tarciso S. Filgueiras, Jerrold I. Davis, Osvaldo Morrone: A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae). In: Journal of Systematics and Evolution , Volume 53, Issue 2, 2015, pp. 117-137. doi : 10.1111 / jse.12150l PDF.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Shou-liang Chen, Guanghua Zhu: In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 22 - Poaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2006, ISBN 1-930723-50-4 . Triticeae , p. 386 ff. - online with the same text as the printed work.
  5. ^ Triticeae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Poaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Accessed January 30, 2020.
  7. ^ Watson & Dallwitz 1998: The Grass Genera of the World .

Web links

Commons : Triticeae  - collection of images, videos and audio files

further reading

  • Víctor Lucía, Kesara Anamthawat-Jónsson, M. Montserrat Martínez-Ortega, Enrique Rico: Refining and defining the genus Psammopyrum (Triticeae, Poaceae): taxonomic evaluation of Ps. Fontqueri with implications for the validity of the genus. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 306, 2, 2020. doi : 10.1007 / s00606-020-01664-w
  • Ning Chen, Wen-Jie Chen, Hao Yan, Yi Wang, Hou-Yang Kang, Hai-Qin Zhang, Yong-Hong Zhou, Gen-Lou Sun, Li-Na Sha, Xing Fan: Evolutionary patterns of plastome uncover diploid-polyploid maternal relationships in Triticeae. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 149, 2020. doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2020.106838
  • Zhipeng Liu: Distribution and Germplasm Phenotypic Diversity of Sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis), Sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis): An Environmentally Friendly Native Grass for Animals , 2019, pp. 53-64. doi : 10.1007 / 978-981-13-8633-6
  • Siwen Wang, Changyou Wang, Yanzhen Wang, Yajuan Wang, Chunhuan Chen, Wanquan Ji: Molecular cytogenetic identification of two wheat – Thinopyrum ponticum substitution lines conferring stripe rust resistance. In: Molecular Breeding , Volume 39, 11, 2019. doi : 10.1007 / s11032-019-1053-9
  • Ladislava Paštová, Alexander Belyayev, Václav Mahelka: Molecular cytogenetic characterization of Elytrigia × mucronata, a natural hybrid of E. intermedia and E. repens (Triticeae, Poaceae). In: BMC Plant Biology , Volume 19, 1, 2019. doi : 10.1186 / s12870-019-1806-y
  • Víctor Lucía, Enrique Rico, Kesara Anamthawat-Jónsson, M Montserrat Martínez-Ortega: Cytogenetic evidence for a new genus of Triticeae (Poaceae) endemic to the Iberian Peninsula: description and comparison with related genera. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2019. doi : 10.1093 / botlinnean / boz068
  • Ekaterina D. Badaeva, Sergei A. Surzhikov, Alexander V. Agafonov: Molecular-cytogenetic analysis of diploid wheatgrass Thinopyrum bessarabicum (Savul. And Rayss) A. Löve. In: Comparative Cytogenetics , Volume 13, 4, 2019, pp. 389-402. doi : 10.3897 / CompCytogen.v13i4.36879
  • Mikhail G. Divashuk, Gennady I. Karlov, Pavel Yu. Kroupin: Copy Number Variation of Transposable Elements in Thinopyrum intermedium and Its Diploid Relative Species. In: Plants , Volume 9, 1, 2019. doi : 10.3390 / plants9010015
  • Víctor Lucía, M. Montserrat Martínez-Ortega, Enrique Rico, Kesara Anamthawat-Jónsson: Discovery of the genus Pseudoroegneria (Triticeae, Poaceae) in the Western Mediterranean on exploring the generic boundaries of Elymus. In: Journal of Systematics and Evolution , Volume 57, 1, 2018, pp. 23–41. doi : 10.1111 / jse.12426
  • Xinkun Hu, Shoufen Dai, Zhongping Song, Dongyang Xu, Zhaojin Wen, Yuming Wei, Dengcai Liu, Youliang Zheng, Zehong Yan: Analysis of novel high-molecular-weight prolamins from Leymus multicaulis (Kar. Et Kir.) Tzvelev and L. chinensis (Trin. ex Bunge) Tzvelev. In: Genetica , Volume 146, 3, 2018, pp. 255–264. doi : 10.1007 / s10709-018-0025-z
  • Li-Na Sha, Xing Fan, Jun Li, Jin-Qiu Liao, Jian Zeng, Yi Wang, Hou-Yang Kang, Hai-Qin Zhang, You-Liang Zheng, Yong-Hong Zhou: Contrasting evolutionary patterns of multiple loci uncover new aspects in the genome origin and evolutionary history of Leymus (Triticeae; Poaceae). In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 114, 2017, pp. 175-188. doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2017.05.015
  • J. Piaskowski, Kevin Murphy, Theodore Kisha, Stephen Jones: Perennial wheat lines have highly admixed population structure and elevated rates of outcrossing. In: Euphytica , Volume 213, 8, (2017). doi : 10.1007 / s10681-017-1961-x
  • Cairong Yang, Haiqin Zhang, Weihuan Chen, Houyang Kang, Yi Wang, Lina Sha, Xing Fan, Jian Zeng, Yonghong Zhou: Genomic constitution and intergenomic translocations in the Elymus dahuricus complex revealed by multicolor GISH. In: Genome , Volume 60, 6, 2017, pp. 510-517. doi : 10.1139 / gen-2016-0199
  • Richard R.-C. Wang, Kevin B. Jensen: Roegneria alashanica Keng: a species with the StStSt Y St Y genome constitution. In: Genome , Volume 60, 6, 2017, pp. 546–551. doi : 10.1139 / gen-2016-0216
  • Ruijuan Liu, Richard R.-C. Wang, Feng Yu, Xingwang Lu, Quanwen Dou: Characterization of genome in tetraploid StY species of Elymus (Triticeae: Poaceae) using sequential FISH and GISH. In: Genome , Volume 60, 8, 2017, pp. 679–685. doi : 10.1139 / gen-2017-0046
  • Gabriella Linc, Eszter Gaál, István Molnár, Diana Icsó, Ekaterina Badaeva, Márta Molnár-Láng: Molecular cytogenetic (FISH) and genome analysis of diploid wheatgrasses and their phylogenetic relationship. In: PLOS ONE , Volume 12, 3, 2017, (e0173623). doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0173623
  • Awards of JSE Outstanding Papers (2014 and 2015). In: Journal of Systematics and Evolution , Volume 54, 3, 2016, pp. 189–190. doi : 10.1111 / jse.12209
  • Jun Guo, Xiaocheng Yu, Huayan Yin, Guojuan Liu, Anfei Li, Hongwei Wang, Lingrang Kong: Phylogenetic relationships of Thinopyrum and Triticum species revealed by SCoT and CDDP markers. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 302, 9, 2016, pp. 1301-1309. doi : 10.1007 / s00606-016-1332-4
  • Allopolyploidy and Interspecific Hybridization for Wheat Improvement, Polyploidy and Hybridization for Crop Improvement, 2016, pp. 27-53. doi : 10.1201 / 9781315369259
  • Laibin Zhao, Shunzong Ning, Jianjun Yu, Ming Hao, Lianquan Zhang, Zhongwei Yuan, Youliang Zheng, Dengcai Liu: Cytological identification of an Aegilops variabilis chromosome carrying stripe rust resistance in wheat. In: Breeding Science , Volume 66, 4, 2016, pp. 522-529. doi : 10.1270 / jsbbs.16011
  • Mingqi Li: New evidence for the exploitation of the Triticeae tribe at approximately 4,000 cal. BP in the Gansu-Qinghai area of ​​Northwest China. In: Quaternary International , Volume 426, 2016, pp. 97-106. doi : 10.1016 / j.quaint.2016.04.028
  • Mikhail G. Divashuk, Thi Mai L. Khuat, Pavel Yu. Kroupin, Ilya V. Kirov, Dmitry V. Romanov, Anna V. Kiseleva, Ludmila I. Khrustaleva, Dmitry G. Alexeev, Alexandr S. Zelenin, Marina V. Klimushina, Olga V. Razumova, Gennady I. Karlov: Variation in Copy Number of Ty3 / Gypsy Centromeric Retrotransposons in the Genomes of Thinopyrum intermedium and Its Diploid Progenitors. In: PLOS ONE , Volume 11, 4, 2016, (e0154241). doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0154241
  • Carla Ceoloni, Ljiljana Kuzmanovic, Paola Forte, Maria Elena Virili, Alessandra Bitti: Wheat-Perennial Triticeae Introgressions: Major Achievements and Prospects, Alien Introgression in Wheat. , 2015, pp. 273-313. doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-319-23494-6
  • Robert J. Soreng, Paul M. Peterson, Konstantin Romaschenko, Gerrit Davidse, Fernando O. Zuloaga, Emmet J. Judziewicz, Tarciso S. Filgueiras, Jerrold I. Davis, Osvaldo Morrone: A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae). In: Journal of Systematics and Evolution , Volume 53, 2, 2015, pp. 117-137. doi : 10.1111 / jse.12150
  • Jun Guo, Xiuli Zhang, Yanlin Hou, Jinjin Cai, Xiaorong Shen, Tingting Zhou, Huihui Xu, Herbert W. Ohm, Hongwei Wang, Anfei Li, Fangpu Han, Honggang Wang, Lingrang Kong: High-density mapping of the major FHB resistance gene Fhb7 derived from Thinopyrum ponticum and its pyramiding with Fhb1 by marker-assisted selection. In: Theoretical and Applied Genetics , Volume 128, 11, 2015, pp. 2301-2316. doi : 10.1007 / s00122-015-2586-x
  • Dong Luo, Qiang Zhou, Lichao Ma, Wengang Xie, Yanrong Wang, Xiaowen Hu, Zhipeng Liu: Novel Polymorphic Expressed ‐ Sequence Tag – Simple ‐ Sequence Repeat Markers in Campeiostachys nutans for Genetic Diversity Analyzes. In: Crop Science , Volume 55, 6, 2015, pp. 2712-2718. doi : 10.2135 / cropsci2015.01.0012