Beach barley
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Beach barley ( Hordeum marinum ) |
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| Huds. |
The beach or dune barley ( Hordeum marinum ) is a species of the genus barley ( Hordeum ) within the sweet grass family (Poaceae). It can be found above all in the area of the sea coasts on salt marshes or coastal dykes .
description
Appearance and leaf
The beach barley is a deciduous, annual herbaceous plant that reaches heights of between 10 and 40 centimeters. The plant grows clumpy from the base or individually with unbranched stalks spread out from a curved base to upright rising . The stalks are bare and have three to four knots .
The gray to bluish green, 1.5 to 8 centimeters long and 1 to 3.5 centimeters wide leaves extend to the ear . The leaf sheaths of the uppermost leaflets are bulbous, which distinguishes them from the similar and closely related mouse barley ( Hordeum murinum ) and rye barley ( Hordeum secalinum ) with close-fitting uppermost leaflets. The bare, rounded lower leaf sheaths on the back are soft. They are often small, indistinct ears. The membranous ligules measure less than 1 millimeter. The leaf blades taper into a fine point.
Inflorescence, flower and fruit
The flowering period extends from May to July. The three to six terminal, green or purple ears are 2 to 6 inches long and are sometimes surmounted by the uppermost leaf blade . As with all barley, three of the single-flowered spikelets grow alternately on opposite sides of the spike axis while the top spikelets are stunted. The middle, sessile flower of the flower triplets is hermaphroditic and clearly larger than the two lateral and sterile spikelets. The latter are much smaller and have very short stems.
All the husks are long awned . The lemmas and the rough and rigid glumes of the spikelets are unequal. The lower glumes of the lateral spikelets are bristly and reach 8 to 26 millimeters including the thin, rough and straight awn. The upper glumes, however, are broadly winged with a 10 to 22 millimeter long awn. The lemmas are lanceolate and between 3 and 5 millimeters long, as is the awn. The glumes of the central spikelet are both bristly along their entire length and measure between 10 and 24 millimeters including the straight awn. The narrow, ovate, glabrous, five-veined and rounded on the back lemma are between 6 and 8 millimeters long, including the awn about 24 millimeters.
The fruits are single-seeded closing fruits ( caryopses ) typical of sweet grasses .
Chromosome set
The karyotype of the beach barley is 2n = 14 chromosomes , there are also populations of the subspecies Hordeum marinum subsp. gussoneanum with two and four sets of chromosomes.
ecology
The beach barley is a therophyte .
The pollen of far superior dust bag are blown by the wind and thus pollinate the neighboring flowers ( wind pollination ).
When the seeds ripen, the beach barley dries up. As with other wild barley (weed barley), the ear is fragile and disintegrates between the spikelets, which are grouped together in groups of three, when the seeds ripen. These distribution units ( diaspores ) ensure the spread.
Occurrence
distribution
The distribution area of the beach barley includes Europe with the exception of the extreme north, North Africa and West Asia. In Europe, beach barley grows mainly along the Atlantic coast and in the Mediterranean area, as well as locally in inland locations that are affected by salt . In Scandinavia it occurs only adventively (introduced). In Africa, the grass is found along the northern Mediterranean coast in Algeria , Egypt , Libya , Morocco and Tunisia . The Asian distribution area includes the Arab countries, Armenia , Georgia and Azerbaijan and extends to Pakistan in the south and Russia , Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan in the north (especially the Caspian Sea , Aral Sea ).
The distribution area of the subspecies real beach barley is concentrated in southern Europe. The dry-bristled beach barley is widespread as far as Central Europe and was found as far as the coast of the North Sea . Today the species is considered to be extinct in the northernmost federal states of Germany ( Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony ) and in Denmark . It is inconsistent in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania , as well as in Poland and Lithuania. In inland Germany it occurs synanthropically . It is generally doubted that the occurrences in Germany and in the neighboring countries mentioned are indigenous, which means that the beach barley may not be part of the original or native flora here.
The two subspecies of the beach barley are neophytes in much of North America, especially in the western regions of the United States . Hordeum marinum is a neophyte in Australia , Tasmania , New Zealand , the Canary Islands and South Africa .
Locations
Beach barley grows mainly in the area of the seashore on salty soils of salt marshes and mud flats , on sandy beaches, on beach ridges or on dykes . In North America and Africa, it is also common in the inland salt steppes . She is a Begleitart in the plant communities of samphire corridors ( Thero-Salicornietea ) and companies beach cloves comes in (Armerion maritimae) ago. Beach barley is not one of the salt plants for which high table salt concentrations are essential. Rather, it is more tolerant of high concentrations of ions in the soil and of drought, which gives it a competitive advantage over other species in the named locations .
Hazard and protection
The beach barley has become extinct in Germany and Denmark, there are individual sightings in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Saxony, but this species is not established here. The reasons for the decline in beach barley and the extinction in Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein are considered to be the lack of flooding of the salt marshes and marshes and the improved coastal protection through the construction of dykes and breakwaters. The beach barley does not find adequate living conditions on the salty soils and has been replaced by more competitive, salt-sensitive species. In Europe, the beach barley is generally considered to be common and not endangered, on other continents it has established itself as a neophyte .
The beach barley is neither protected in Germany nor internationally. It falls neither under the Federal Species Protection Ordinance nor under the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive (FFH) of the European Union. Trade is not restricted either , the species does not appear on the CITES lists.
Systematics and genetics
Botanical history
The first description of Hordeum marinum was in 1778 by the British botanist William Hudson in the second edition of Flora Anglica .
Subspecies
Two subspecies were distinguished within Hordeum marinum :
- Beach barley ( Hordeum marinum subsp. Marinum , Syn .: Hordeum maritimum Stokes ex Withering , Critesion marinum (Huds.) Á.Löve )
- Dry bristle beach barley ( Hordeum marinum subsp. Gussoneanum (Parl.) Thell. , Syn .: Hordeum gussoneanum Parl. , Hordeum hystrix Roth , Hordeum geniculatum Allioni ).
However, in systematic molecular studies they have been shown to be clearly separated species ( Hordeum gussoneanum Parl. And Hordeum marinum L. ). They also differ in the shape of the glumes. Those of the real beach barley are unequal. The interiors are semi-lanceolate and somewhat winged. The outer ones, however, are awn-like. In the dry-bristled beach barley, these are hardly uneven and awn-like.
genetics
The beach barley is one of currently 32 recognized species within the genus Hordeum . Due to the high degree of hybridization within the genus and with members of closely related genus within the sweet grasses , for example with species of couch grass ( Elymus ), as well as the widespread polyploidy it is difficult to make statements about the relationships between the species. For example, the Hordeum marinum genome can be found in the hexaploid form of the North American wild barley Hordeum brachyantherum , which was created by hybridizing a tetraploid Hordeum brachyantherum with a diploid Hordeum marinum after the latter was introduced to California by Europeans over the past 150 years. In the tetraploid rye barley ( Hordeum secalinum ) and the Cape barley ( Hordeum capense ) derived from it, the genome of the beach barley is found together with that of a species of the H genome group that originated either from South America or Central Asia. It is believed that the genome of all barley species is based on four basic types called I, Xa, Xu, and H. The I-type occurs in cultivated barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) and Hordeum bulbosum , the Xu-type only in the mouse barley and the Xa-type only in the beach barley, all other species have the H-type. Research shows that it is within the barley to a speciation by hybrids came phylogenetic studies are difficult.
New molecular-systematic studies (Jakob et al. 2007) show that the two subspecies of beach barley have significantly different histories. Since they are also clearly differentiated by a qualitative characteristic and there is currently no gene flow (crossing) between the two taxa, they should be listed as two separate species ( Hordeum marinum and Hordeum gussoneanum ).
use
The beach barley is not suitable for making hay, but can serve as a fodder for grazing animals, especially domestic sheep .
supporting documents
literature
- Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : Swan flowers to duckweed plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X , p. 452 .
- Hans Joachim Conert: Parey's grass book. Recognize and determine the grasses of Germany . Parey, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-8263-3327-6 , pp. 364-365 .
- Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (= The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
- Charles Edward Hubbard: Grasses. Description, distribution, use (= UTB . Volume 233 ). 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1985, ISBN 3-8001-2537-4 (English: Grasses . Translated by Peter Boeker).
- SS Jakob, A. Ihlow, FR Blattner: Combined ecological niche modeling and molecular phylogeography revealed the evolutionary history of Hordeum marinum (Poaceae) - niche differentiation, loss of genetic diversity, and speciation in Mediterranean Quaternary refugia . In: Molecular Ecology . tape 16 , no. 8 , 2007, p. 1713-1727 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-294X.2007.03228.x .
- Rudolf Schubert , Klaus Werner, Hermann Meusel (eds.): Excursion flora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 14th edition. tape 2 : vascular plants . People and knowledge, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-06-012539-2 .
- Jarumír Sikula, Vojtech Skolfa: grasses. 5th edition. Werner Dausien, Hanau / Main 1996, ISBN 3-7684-2798-3 .
- Herbert Weymar: Book of grasses and rushes. Neumann, Radebeul / Berlin 1953.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Tomotaro Nishikawa, Björn Salomon, Takao Komatsuda, Roland von Bothmer, Koh-ichi Kadowaki: Molecular phylogeny of the genus Hordeum using three chloroplast DNA sequences. In: Genome. Volume 45, No. 6, 2002, pp. 1157-1166, doi : 10.1139 / g02-088 .
- ^ A b Hordeum marinum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ a b Hordeum marinum Huds., Deich-Gerste. In: FloraWeb.de.
- ↑ Plant Profile of the US Department of Agriculture
- ↑ Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: Our grasses (= Kosmos nature guide. ). 7th edition. Franckh, Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-440-05284-2 , p. 150.
- ↑ Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : Swan flowers to duckweed plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X , p. 452 .
- ^ William Hudson: Flora Anglica. 2nd Edition. Volume 1, self-published, London 1778, p. 57 ( digitized version ) ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ^ Rudolf Schubert, Walter Vent (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 8th edition (new edition). Volume 4: Vascular Plants: Critical Volume, Gustav Fischer, Jena 1994, ISBN 3-334-60830-1 .
Web links
- Hordeum marinum Huds., Dyke barley. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere from: Eric Hultén, Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants. 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0 at Den virtuella floran. (swed.)
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
- Detailed description in DELTA format.
