History of Russian Aviation

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Soviet postage stamp depicting an IL-2 attack aircraft

The history of Russian aviation ( Russian История русской авиации Istorija russkoi awijazii ) included the following milestones:

Chronological history

Russian Empire

  • On August 19, 1828, a Russian woman takes off in a hot air balloon for the first time in Moscow .
  • 1902 - Construction of the first Russian wind tunnel by Nikolai Jegorowitsch Schukowski
  • 1909 - In May the first flight of an aircraft developed in Russia, the Gakkel-III and the Kudaschew-1 , within one day and independently of each other.
  • Boris Rossinski passed the pilot's examination at Blériot Aéronautique in France in 1910 and was the first Russian pilot when he received his license to fly. He later took part in the development of the Soviet aviation industry and became the "grandfather of Russian aviation".
  • On August 10, 1911, Lidija Swerjowa was the first Russian woman to receive a pilot's license.
  • On May 13, 1913, the world's first four-engine aircraft took off from the ground in Russia, the Sikorski Le Grand , designed by its pilot Igor Sikorski himself.
  • 1916 - first Russian aircraft engine designed by Mikulin and Stechkin .

Soviet Russia

  • On May 24, 1918, the "Headquarters of the Red Workers 'and Peasants' Air Fleet" (GlawWosduchFlot) was formed to coordinate the operations of the aviation forces available.
  • Nikolai Schukowski founds the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (ZAGI) on December 1, 1918 . In the coming decades, the fundamentals of aerodynamics will be researched in it, innovations for aviation will be developed and many types of aircraft will be constructed. Some of the most famous Soviet aircraft designers will work at ZAGI for the next few years.
  • The German-Soviet airline Deruluft was founded on November 24, 1921 and began flights between Koenigsberg and Moscow on May 1, 1922.

Soviet Union

  • February 9, 1923 is officially considered the date of birth of Russian civil aviation. The Workers and Defense Council issued a resolution that day empowering the Central Air Fleet administration to undertake technical inspection of airlines and establish a civil aviation council.
  • On March 17, 1923, the first Soviet airline, Dobrolet, was founded to develop Soviet civil aviation. The first line Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod opens on July 15, 1923.
  • On November 1, 1923, the All Union competition, the first glider flying competition, took place in the Crimea. Participants include the future designers Sergei Ilyushin and Alexander Jakowlew .
  • On August 2, 1930, 12 paratroopers jump out of a Farman Goliath during a maneuver and storm the enemy command post after rallying. It is the hour of birth of the Soviet airborne troops .
  • On February 25, 1932, the head office of civil aviation (GUGWF) was founded and the official short name Aeroflot was granted to it.
  • On June 26, 1932, the first test flight of a Soviet helicopter, the ZAGI 1-EA, took place
  • On August 17, 1933, the GIRD-09, the first Soviet liquid -propelled rocket, was launched. The associated hybrid engine was completed in March of the same year.
  • The ANT-4 took off for the first time on November 26, 1926, making it the world's first multi-engine all - metal aircraft with cantilever wings.
  • Semyon Alexandrovich Shestakov takes off on September 1, 1927 on a long-distance flight Moscow-Japan. With his Tupolev ANT-3 , he covers 20,000 kilometers in 153 flight hours.
  • June 26, 1932: the first Soviet helicopter, the ZAGI 1-EA , makes its maiden flight
  • 1933: April 28th is declared Soviet Aviation Day.
  • On June 17, 1934, the eight-engine Tupolev ANT-20 flies for the first time. With a wingspan of 63 meters and a take-off weight of 42,000 kg, it is the largest and heaviest land aircraft to date.
  • Nina Kamnewa sets a world record in parachuting for women on August 13, 1934, her free fall from 2700 m from 3000 m height lasts 58 seconds. The record will last for 14 years.
  • The Soviet airship CCCP-B6 (USSR-W6), built under the direction of Umberto Nobile , made its maiden voyage on November 5, 1934. It is considered the most successful Soviet airship.
  • On June 18, 1937, a Tupolev ANT-25 takes off on a long-haul flight to the USA and flies over the North Pole for the first time. The pilots Tschkalow , Baidukow and Belyakow cover a distance of 9,130 ​​kilometers. In the same year, Mikhail Gromov beat this route with 10,148 kilometers. He also flies an ANT-25.
  • On July 6, 1939, Olga Klepikowa set a 749.203 kilometer world record with an Antonov RF-7 glider, which Richard Johnson only broke 12 years later.
  • January 29, 1939 first test flight of the cruise missile RNII 212
  • On February 28, 1940, the first flight of the USSR's first rocket-propelled aircraft, the RP-318-I designed by Sergei Korolev and Viktor Fyodorovich Bolchowitinov , took place .
  • 1940 - Archip Mikhailovich Lyulka's first Soviet jet engine , RD-1, is ready for use, already equipped with an axial compressor.
  • The successful MiG-15 flies for the first time on December 30, 1947. To this day it is the jet aircraft built in the largest numbers (approx. 18,000)
  • On December 26, 1948, the Lavochkin La-176 was the first Soviet aircraft to reach supersonic speed.
  • Gliding world record in free cross-country flight on May 26, 1953 (829 km in 9 h 11 min) with an Antonov A-9 .
  • On October 31, 1959, the Soviet Union's first aircraft set the absolute world speed record. The MiG-21 reached 2388 km / h.
  • 1960 first turbofan -Strahltriebwerk with a bypass in series production, the Solowjow D-20 P from Pavel Alexandrovich Solowjow developed
  • On May 22, 1965, the pilot Natalia Abramovna Prokhanova achieved a new world altitude record of 24,336 m for women.
  • The world's largest helicopter, the W-12, takes off on its official maiden flight on July 10, 1968.
  • The world's first supersonic airliner, the Tupolev Tu-144 , took off for its maiden flight on December 31, 1968.
Tu-204-100 at the Paris Air Show in June 1991
  • On August 31, 1977, Alexander Fedotow set an absolute altitude record in a Je-266 with 37,650 meters.
  • First flight of the world's largest aircraft, the An-225, on December 21, 1988.

Russian Federation

See also

literature

  • Karl-Heinz Eyermann : The aviation of the USSR 1917-1977. transpress Berlin, 1977.
  • Wilfried Copenhagen : Soviet fighters. transpress Berlin, 1985.
  • Karl-Heinz Eyermann: MiG aircraft. transpress Berlin, 1987.
  • Wilfried Copenhagen: Soviet bomb planes. transpress Berlin, 1989.
  • Olaf Groehler: History of the Air War. Military Publishing House Berlin, 1981.
  • Dimitri A. Sobolew: German traces in Soviet aviation history. The participation of German companies and professionals in aviation development in the USSR. Mittler, Hamburg a. a. 2000, ISBN 3-8132-0675-0 .
  • Ulf Gerber: The great book of Soviet aviation 1920–1990. Development, production and use of the aircraft. Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza 2019, ISBN 978-3-95966-403-5 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Heinz Machatscheck: From the history of Soviet aviation: life and achievements of famous female pilots. In: Flieger Jahrbuch 1980. Transpress, Berlin 1979, p. 125.
  2. ↑ Aeroflot History ( Memento from June 3, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on February 8, 2010 (English).
  3. ↑ Aerosport . No. 11 , 1964.
  4. ↑ Aeroflot history ( Memento of May 13, 2006 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on February 8, 2010.
  5. ↑ Aerosport . No. 4/1964 , p. 147 .