Common bitter herb

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Common bitter herb
Common bitter herb (Picris hieracioides), illustration

Common bitter herb ( Picris hieracioides ), illustration

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Cichorioideae
Genre : Bitter herbs ( picris )
Type : Common bitter herb
Scientific name
Picris hieracioides
L.

The common bitter herb ( Picris hieracioides ) or hawkweed bitter herb is a type of plant that belongs to the genus of bitter herbs ( Picris ) and to the sunflower family (Asteraceae).

description

The hair mostly has anchor-shaped barbs.
illustration

The common bitter herb is a biennial to perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 30 to 90 centimeters and is hairy with bristles. This hemicryptophyte has a short, bud-forming rhizome . The rhizome tastes bitter. The stem is erect, branched at the top, hairy with bristles, rarely bald on top, the plant bears milky sap .

The leaves are elongated to lanceolate, undivided, serrated to indented serrated, scattered to densely bristly hairy on both sides, the upper ones with a rounded base.

The cup-shaped partial inflorescences stand in a loose, doldy paniculate inflorescence . The flower heads are about 1 cm in diameter and contain only ray florets. The head stalks and sheath are covered with whitish, often forked bristle hairs or are bare. There are two rows of bracts ; they are 10 to 15 mm long, with small, elongated-lanceolate, barbed hairy, black-green outer bracts. The zygomorphic ray florets are yellow, slightly red on the outside and twice as long as the bracts. The flowering time is, depending on the subspecies, May to October.

The achenes are 2.5 to 5 mm long, slightly curved. The pappus has uneven feathery and snow-white pappus hairs that are about 6 mm long.

The species chromosome number is 2n = 10.

Common bitter herb in its location in Spain

ecology

The pollination is done by insects ( Hymenoptera , Diptera ) and self-pollination is possible. Likewise, vegetative reproduction occurs through root shoots. The fruits are spread out by the wind.

Occurrence

The common bitter herb is native to Europe, the temperate zones of Asia and India, Nepal and Bhutan. It is a neophyte in southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, Canada, and the United States. The common bitter herb is common in Central Europe and grows from collin to montane (up to 1600 meters) in patchy lawn communities, on paths, dams, meadows, forest edges, in quarries, wasteland, dune bushes and river gravel, ruderally influenced semi- arid grass and in the edge of bushes. It loves alkaline and mostly lime-rich, nitrogen-containing, little humic, not too dry loam or clay soils.

The common bitter herb is a pioneer plant and a cultural companion. After Ellenberg it is a light plant, intermediate continental growing, and a trim characteristic species requiring heat and drought yield forming Ruderalfluren (Onopordetalia acanthii) or a Verbandcharakterart halbruderaler continental dry grassland (Artemisio absinthii-Elymion hispidi).

In the Allgäu Alps, it rises near the summit of the Kanzelwand in Bavaria in the subspecies Picris hieracioides subsp. grandiflora up to 2030 meters above sea level.

The clan is a Eurasian (continental) sub-Mediterranean floral element.

Systematics

The scientific name Picris hieracioides was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . It's a very variable kind.

There are four subspecies in Central Europe:

  • Large-flowered bitterweed or mountain hawkweed bitter herb, horned bitter herb ( Picris hieracioides subsp. Grandiflora (Ten.) Arcang. , Syn .: Picris hieracioides subsp. Paleacea (Vest) Domin & Podp. ): It occurs in Italy, Germany, Poland and in Slovakia.
  • Common bitter herb s. st. or common hawkweed bitterweed s. st. ( Picris hieracioides subsp. Hieracioides ): It occurs in Europe, Turkey, the Caucasus region, Kazakhstan, western Siberia and India.
  • Thorny bitterweed or prickly hawkweed bitterweed ( Picris hieracioides subsp. Spinulosa (Guss.) Arcang. , Syn .: Picris hieracioides subsp. Setulosa (Ces. & Al.) Arcang. ): It is originally found in Spain, France, on the canal -Islands, in Italy, Sicily, Malta, Croatia, Slovenia, Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Turkey. In Germany it occurs introduced, in Switzerland and Hungary the originality is questionable.
  • Bitterweed or Pippau hawkweed bitterweed ( Picris hieracioides subsp. Umbellata (cupboard) Ces .; Syn .: Picris hieracioides subsp. Villarsii (Jordan) Nyman , Picris hieracioides subsp. Auriculata (Sch. Bip.) Hayek , Picris hieracioides subsp. crepoides (Saut.) Nyman , Picris hieracioides subsp. sonchoides (Vest) Thell. , Picris hieracioides subsp. tatrae (Borbás) Domin & Podp. ): It occurs in Spain, Andorra, France, Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Italy , Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Serbia, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Romania.

Outside Central Europe, a distinction is made (selection):

  • Picris hieracioides subsp. japonica (Thunb.) Krylov ; with the variety:
    • Picris hieracioides subsp. japonica var. koreana Kitam.
  • Picris hieracioides subsp. kamtschatica (Ledeb.) Hultén
  • Picris hieracioides subsp. longifolia (Boiss. & Reut.) PDSell : It occurs in Portugal and Spain.
  • Picris hieracioides subsp. rielii (Sennen) O. Bolòs & Vigo : It occurs in Spain and France.

photos

Picris hieracioides subsp. japonica :

  • Common bitter herb in its location in Japan

  • Stem and leaf

  • Flower heads with yellow five-lobed ray-florets

swell

literature

  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen. Interactive flora of Germany. Seeing - determining - knowing. The key to the flora . CD-ROM, version 2.0. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2004, ISBN 3-494-01368-3 .
  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). 2nd corrected and enlarged edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2 .
  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape 6 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Asteridae): Valerianaceae to Asteraceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8001-3343-1 .
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .
  • HH Allan: Flora of New Zealand. Volume I: Indigenous Tracheophyta - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledons. 1961, reprint 1982. ISBN 0-477-01056-3 , Picris hieracioides (online) . (engl.)
  • John L. Strother: Picris. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 303 (English, online ). (Section description)
  • Common bitter herb. In: FloraWeb.de.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5
  2. ^ A b c Picris in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  3. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 663.
  4. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 792 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D2%26issue%3D%26spage%3D792%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). - In: W. Greuter & E. von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Datasheet Picris hieracioides In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

Web links

Commons : Common bitterweed  album with pictures, videos and audio files