Golden yellow trembling

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Golden yellow trembling
Tremella mesenterica JPL2 cropped.jpg

Golden yellow tremor ( tremella mesenterica )

Systematics
Subdivision : Agaricomycotina
Class : Tremellomycetes
Order : Tremellales (Tremellales)
Family : Shiver relatives (Tremellaceae)
Genre : Quivers ( tremella )
Type : Golden yellow trembling
Scientific name
Tremella mesenterica
Retz.  : Fr.

The golden yellow trembling ( Tremella mesenterica ) is a common type of mushroom from the family of the trembling relatives . It grows predominantly on dead, still attached, but also on branches and twigs that have already fallen, especially from flowering plants . The fungus parasitizes wood-decomposing fungi from the genus of the cystid bark fungi ( Peniophora ). The jelly-like, pale yellow to orange-yellow fruiting body of the trembling can reach a diameter of up to 7 cm. It has a sinuous, lobed shape and a greasy or slimy surface in damp weather. It grows from crevices of bark and appears in rainy weather. When dry, it shrinks to a thin film or a small mass within a few days. In the subsequent damp weather, the fruiting body comes back to life. The species occurs in deciduous and mixed forests and is common in the temperate and tropical regions of Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North and South America. Although the mushroom is considered bland and tasteless, it is edible. In addition, Tremella mesenterica produces carbohydrates, the production of which is of interest for research due to their diverse bio-activities.

features

Macroscopic features

The fruiting body has an irregular shape, and usually breaks through the bark of dead branches. It is up to 7.5 cm wide and 2.5 to 5 cm high, round to variously lobed or brain-like in appearance. The fruit body is gelatinous, but tough when wet and hard when dry. The surface is usually smooth, the lobes translucent, deep yellow or bright yellow-orange, pale yellow, rarely pigmentless and white or colorless. Dry fruit bodies are reddish or orange in color. The spore powder color is whitish or pale yellow.

Microscopic features

The basidia , on which the spores mature, are elliptical to almost spherical in shape, not or only rarely stilted and typically 15-21 µm wide. They are divided into 2–4 chambers by vertical or diagonal partitions. The broadly elliptical to elongated spores are on average 10–16 × 6–9.5 µm in size; they form a germ tube or conidia that are identically shaped by sprouting . In addition, Tremella mesenterica also produces conidia on special hyphae cells . The conidia are densely branched and usually abundant in the fruit layer . The approximately spherical, egg-shaped or elliptical conidia measure 2–3 × 2–2.5 µm. They can be so numerous that young fruiting bodies are coated with a bright yellow mucus made up of conidia.

Species delimitation

Yellow layer mushroom trembling ( Tremella aurantia ) on its host Striegeliger layer mushroom ( Stereum hirsutum )
The similar fruiting bodies of the giant gelatinous tear ( Dacrymyces chrysospermus ) only grow on softwood.

The golden-yellow shivering is often confused with the yellow shamrock shiver ( T. aurantia ), a widespread species that parasitizes on the wood- decomposing currycomb shiver ( Stereum hirsutum ). The fungus can mostly be determined by the presence of its host. The layer fungus usually grows on logs, stumps and trunks, while the golden-yellow tremor , which is associated with cystid bark fungi, occurs on comparatively thin substrates such as twigs, branches and, more rarely, thin trunks. Although the two species are similar in color, the yellow layer mushroom trembling usually has a dull and not greasy or shiny surface. Furthermore, the lobes and folds are thicker than in the golden yellow tremor. In addition, the fruiting bodies of T. aurantia contain buckle-free, thick-walled host hyphae, which is why they retain their shape when they dry out instead of shrinking or collapsing into a film as in T. mesenterica . The doppelganger is microscopically characterized by smaller basidia and smaller, differently shaped and 8.5–10 × 7–8.5 µm large spores.

T. brasiliensis , known from Neotropical regions and Japan, and the North American species T. mesenterella are also similar .

Tremella mesenterica can also be confused with similar-looking representatives from the family gelatinous tears ( Dacrymycetaceae ), such as the giant gelatinous tear ( Dacrymyces chrysospermus , syn. D. palmatus ). A microscopic examination shows that the gelatinous teardrop-like Y-shaped basidia with 2 spores, unlike the basidia that are typically longitudinally divided in tremors; In addition, the giant gelatinous tear is smaller, has a whitish growth point on the substrate and grows on softwood.

Ecology and phenology

Dead branches and twigs of hardwood are the typical habitat of the golden yellow tremor ( Tremella mesenterica ).

The golden yellow trembling prefers temperate or humid habitats. In the Canadian province of British Columbia, the species is sometimes found on maple, poplar and pine, but mostly on red alder. The fungus grows parasitically on the mycelium of wood-decomposing fungi of the genus cystid bark fungi . Occasionally the fruiting bodies of the trembling and its host can be found together.

Fruit bodies are formed all year round in wet weather periods.

Life cycle

The golden yellow tremor passes through a yeast-like stage in its life cycle, which is characterized by budding basidiospores. Switching between asexual and sexual reproduction is achieved by uniting yeast-like cells of two compatible mating types. Each type of mating secretes a mating pheromone that triggers sexual differentiation of a target cell that belongs to the opposite and therefore matching mating type. Sexual differentiation is characterized by the cessation of growth in the G1 phase in the cell division cycle and the subsequent formation of an elongated conjugation hypha. The formation of the conjugation hypha, triggered by the pheromones A-10 and a-13, is similar to the bud formation during bipolar budding in yeast. Purification of the tremerogen A-10 made it possible to determine its chemical structure, which corresponds to an S-polyisoprenyl peptide. The fruiting bodies arise from a primordium under the bark, and sometimes more than one fruiting body develop from the same primordium.

distribution

Tremella mesenterica is distributed worldwide and has been found in Europe, North, Central and South America, Africa, Asia and Australia.

Taxonomy and Phylogeny

T. globispora


   


T. fuciformis


   


T. cinnabarina


   

T. flava



   

T. taiwanensis


   

T. brasiliensis


   


T. mesenterica


   

T. coalescens



   

T. tropica









Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

Cladogram : Relationships of the golden yellow tremor

The species was originally described in Sweden in 1769 by the naturalist Anders Jahan Retzius as Helvella mesenterica . The name was later sanctioned (1822) by Elias Magnus Fries in the second volume of his "Systema Mycologicum" . The mushroom is the type of the genus Tremella .

The distinctive, conspicuous fruiting bodies led to several common names in the English-speaking world, but some of them are also used for other tremellomycetes. In the German language, however, only the name Golden Yellow Zitterling is established. The scientific species name refers to the shape of the fruiting body. It is a Latin adjective, which is formed from the ancient Greek word μεσεντεριον ( mesenterion ) and means "middle intestine".

The species, which used to be known as Tremella lutescens , is now regarded as a form of T. mesenterica with washed-out colors and is a synonym. Completely colorless forms are known as crystal tremors ( Tremella mesenterica f.  Crystallina Ew. Gerhardt 1997 ) .

The cladogram is based on rDNA analyzes and shows that of the species examined , T. mesenterica is most closely related to T. coalescens , T. tropica and T. brasiliensis . The analysis included 20 of the known 120 Tremella species.

meaning

Food value

Although some authors claim the mushroom is inedible or just non-toxic, most other sources agree that it is edible but tasteless. The gelatinous to rubbery consistency gives soups texture. In China, the mushroom is used by vegetarians to prepare an immune-stimulating cool soup with lotus seeds , lily bulbs and Chinese dates .

Bioactive compounds

Some tremblings produce polysaccharides which are of interest in the medical field because of their biological activity; several patents have been pending in China relating to the use of these compounds to prevent cancer or boost the immune system . In 1966, Slodki reported the discovery of an acidic polysaccharide from haploid cells of the golden-yellow tremor that resembled that produced by the species Cryptococcus laurentii . The structural similarity of the polysaccharides from the two species suggests a phylogenetic relationship between them. The polysaccharide was then produced synthetically and the chemical identity of the sugar components was determined. The polysaccharide known as glucuronoxylomannan - produced by fruiting bodies and in pure culture - consists of a long α- mannose chain with various two- to three-membered oligosaccharide side chains made of β-mannose, α-mannose, β- xylose and β- glucuronic acid , which at the terminal mannoses are O- acetylated . Laboratory tests have shown a range of bioactivities related to T. mesenterica glucuronoxylomannan, including immunostimulant, radiation protection, anti-diabetic effects, anti-inflammatory effects, and hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective and antiallergic effects.

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Walter Zugmaier, Robert Bauer, Franz Oberwinkler: Mycoparasitism of some Tremella species . In: Mycologia . 86, No. 1, 1994, pp. 49-56. doi : 10.2307 / 3760718 .
  2. ↑ a b c Michael Kuo: Tremella mesenterica: Witch's Butter . In: MushroomExpert.Com . 2008. Retrieved March 7, 2010.
  3. ↑ a b c Peter Roberts: British Tremella species I: Tremella aurantia and T. mesenterica . In: Mycologist . 9, No. 3, 1995, pp. 110-114. doi : 10.1016 / S0269-915X (09) 80270-X .
  4. ↑ a b c d e Robert J. Bandoni, James H. Ginns: Notes on Tremella mesenterica and allied species . In: Canadian Journal of Botany . 76, No. 9, 1998, pp. 1544-57. doi : 10.1139 / b98-094 .
  5. ↑ AM Young, Kay Smith: A Field Guide to the Fungi of Australia . UNSW Press, Sydney, Australia 2005, ISBN 0-86840-742-9 , p. 68 (accessed March 7, 2010).
  6. ^ Dorothy B. Orr, Robert T. Orr: Mushrooms of Western North America . University of California Press, Berkeley 1979, ISBN 0-520-03656-5 , pp. 48-49.
  7. ^ A b Robert J. Bandoni, Adam F. Szczawinski: Guide to Common Mushrooms of British Columbia . British Colombia Provincial Museum, Vancouver, Canada 1976, p. 202.
  8. ↑ a b Volk T .: Tremella mesenterica, witch's butter, Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for October 2000 . University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. 2000. Retrieved March 7, 2010.
  9. ^ Robert J. Bandoni: Secondary control of conjugation in Tremella mesenterica . In: Canadian Journal of Botany . 43, No. 6, 1965, pp. 627-30. doi : 10.1139 / b65-069 .
  10. ↑ Aiko Hirata, Eiko Tsuchiya, Sakuzo Fukui, Kenji Tanaka: An electron microscopic study on the mating tube formation in the heterobasidiomycete Tremella mesenterica . In: Archives of Microbiology . 128, No. 2, 1980, pp. 215-21. doi : 10.1007 / BF00406161 .
  11. ↑ Youji Sakagami, Akria Isogai, Akinori Suzuki, Saburo Tamura, Chieko Kitada, Masahiko Fujino: Structure of tremerogen-a-10, a peptidal hormone inducing conjugation tube formation in Tremella mesenterica . In: Agricultural and Biological Chemistry . 43, No. 12, 1979, pp. 2643-45.
  12. ^ Bernard Lowy: Flora neotropica. Monograph no.6. Tremellales . Hafner Publishing Company Inc, 1971.
  13. ↑ a b Jack W. Fell, Teun Boekhout, Alvaro Fonseca, Gloria Scorzetti and Adele Statzell-Tallman: Biodiversity and systematics of basidiomycetous yeasts as determined by large-subunit rDNA D1 / D2 domain sequence analysis . (PDF) In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 50, 2000, pp. 1351-71. PMID 10843082 .
  14. ^ Elias Magnus Fries : Systema Mycologicum ( Latin ), Volume 2. Ex Officina Berlingiana, Lundae 1822, p. 214 (accessed March 8, 2010).
  15. ^ Paul M. Kirk, Paul F. Cannon, David W. Minter and Joost A. Stalpers: Dictionary of the Fungi , 10th. Edition, CABI, Wallingford, UK 2008, ISBN 9780851998268 , p. 733.
  16. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary Online : "mesenterium" . Oxford University Press. 2010.
  17. ↑ a b William C. Roody: Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians . University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 2003, ISBN 0-8131-9039-8 , p. 454, (accessed March 8, 2010).
  18. ^ A b Jordan Michael: The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe . Frances Lincoln, London 2004, ISBN 0-7112-2378-5 , p. 372.
  19. ↑ Ewald Gerhardt: Crystal trembling (Tremella mesenterica f. Crystallina) . In: Contrib. Knowledge. Mushrooms Middle Eur. . 11, 1997, p. 33.
  20. ↑ Eric Boa: Wild Edible Fungi: A Global Overview Of Their Use And Importance To People (Non-Wood Forest Products) . Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN, 2004, ISBN 92-5-105157-7 , p. 140.
  21. ↑ Susan Metzler, Van Metzler: Texas Mushrooms: a Field Guide . University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas 1992, ISBN 0-292-75125-7 , p. 330 (Accessed March 8, 2010).
  22. ^ David Arora: All that the Rain Promises and More: a Hip Pocket Guide to Western Mushrooms . Ten Speed ​​Press, Berkeley, California 1991, ISBN 0-89815-388-3 , p. 242.
  23. ↑ Jane L. Davidson, Alan Davidson, Helen J. Saberi, Tom Jaine: The Oxford Companion to Food . Oxford University Press, Oxford [Oxfordshire] 2006, ISBN 0-19-280681-5 , p. 420.
  24. ↑ Shiu-ying Hu: Food Plants of China . Chinese University Press, Hong Kong 2005, ISBN 962-996-229-2 , p. 269.
  25. ^ Sophie De Baets, Erick J. Vandamme: Extracellular Tremella polysaccharides: structure, properties and applications . In: Biotechnology Letters . 23, No. 17, 2001, pp. 1361-66. doi : 10.1023 / A: 1011645724220 .
  26. ↑ Morey E. Slodki, LJ Wickerham, Robert J. Bandoni .: Extracellular heteropolysaccharides from Cryptococcus and Tremella: a possible taxonomic relationship . In: Canadian Journal of Microbiology . 12, No. 3, 1966, pp. 489-94. doi : 10.1139 / m66-071 . PMID 5962584 .
  27. ↑ Callum G. Fraser, Harold J. Jennings, Patrick Moyna: Structural analysis of an acidic polysaccharide from Tremella mesenterica NRRL Y-6158 . In: Canadian Journal of Biochemistry . 51, No. 3, 1973, pp. 219-24. doi : 10.1139 / o73-027 . PMID 4700340 .
  28. ^ Robert Cherniak, Ronald G. Jones, Morey E. Slodki: Type-specific polysaccharides of Cryptococcus neoformans. NMR-spectral study of a glucuronomannan chemically derived from a Tremella mesenterica exopolysaccharide . In: Carbohydrate Research . 182, No. 2, 1988, pp. 227-39. doi : 10.1016 / 0008-6215 (88) 84005-9 . PMID 3072079 .
  29. ↑ Evgeny Vinogradov; Bent O. Petersen Jens Ø. Duus, Solomon Wasser: The structure of the glucuronoxylomannan produced by culinary-medicinal yellow brain mushroom (Tremella mesenterica Ritz.:Fr., Heterobasidiomycetes) grown as one cell biomass in submerged culture . In: Carbohydrate Research . 8, No. 1, 2004, pp. 1483-89. doi : 10.1016 / j.carres.2004.04.001 .
  30. ↑ Solomon P. Wasser, Kok-Kheng Tan, Vladimir Elisashvili: Hypoglycemic, interferonogenous, and immunomodulatory activity of Tremellastin from the submerged culture of Tremella mesenterica Retz .: Fr. (Heterobasidiomycetes) . In: International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms . 4, No. 3, 2002, pp. 215-27.
  31. ↑ Evgeny Vinogradov; Bent O. Petersen Jens Ø. Duus, Solomon P. Wasser: The isolation, structure, and applications of the exocellular heteropolysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan produced by yellow brain mushroom Tremella mesenterica Ritz.:Fr. (Heterobasidiomycetes) . In: International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms . 6, No. 4, 2004, pp. 335-45. doi : 10.1615 / IntJMedMushr.v6.i4.40 .

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