Grunt
Grunt | ||||||||||||
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Virginia grunt ( Anisotremus virginicus ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Haemulinae | ||||||||||||
Gill , 1885 |
The grunts (Haemulinae), often also called pig fish , are a subfamily of the Haemulidae from the order of the grunts and snappers (Lutjaniformes). The fish got their German name because they can produce grunting sounds with their gullet teeth, which are amplified by the swim bladder as a resonance body. Grunt species live in the Gulf of Mexico , the Caribbean , the western Atlantic , from Massachusetts to the coast of Brazil and the eastern Pacific .
Their sister group are the sweet lips (Plectorhinchinae), from which they differ by a shorter dorsal fin , with only 13 to 16 fin rays in the soft-rayed part. Grunts are mainly nocturnal and are inactive during the day in large schools near hiding places and at night spread over seagrass meadows and sandy areas in search of their food consisting of bottom-dwelling invertebrates . Juvenile grunts and, in a few species, also adult animals eat zooplankton . Grunts are caught as food fish and also kept as ornamental fish .
Genera and species
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Anisotremus Gill, 1861
- Silver-gray grunt ( Anisotremus caesius ) (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)
- Anisotremus davidsonii (Steindachner, 1876)
- Anisotremus dovii (Günther, 1864)
- Elongated grunt ( Anisotremus interruptus ) (Gill, 1862)
- Anisotremus pacifici (Günther, 1864)
- Anisotremus scapularis (Tschudi, 1846)
- Surinam grunt ( Anisotremus surinamensis ) (Bloch, 1791)
- Panama Grunt ( Anisotremus taeniatus ) Gill, 1861
- Virginia grunt ( Anisotremus virginicus ) (Linnaeus, 1758)
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Boridia Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830
- Boridia grossidens Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830
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Brachydeuterus Gill, 1862
- Brachydeuterus auritus (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1832)
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Conodon Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830
- Conodon macrops Hildebrand, 1946
- Conodon nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Conodon serrifer Jordan & Gilbert, 1882
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Emmelichthyops Schultz, 1945.
- Emmelichthyops atlanticus Schultz, 1945.
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Genyatremus Gill, 1862
- Genyatremus luteus (Bloch, 1790)
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Haemulon Cuvier, 1829
- Silver Grunt ( Haemulon album ) Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830.
- Gold streak grunt ( Haemulon aurolineatum ) Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830.
- Spotted grunt ( Haemulon bonariense ) Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830.
- Bronze stripe grunt ( Haemulon boschmae ) (Metzelaar, 1919).
- Haemulon carbonarium Poey, 1860.
- Yellow- stripe grunt ( Haemulon chrysargyreum ) Günther, 1859.
- Cortez Grunt ( Haemulon flaviguttatum ) Gill, 1862.
- French grunt ( Haemulon flavolineatum ) (Desmarest, 1823)
- Spanish grunt ( Haemulon macrostomum ) Günther, 1859.
- Haemulon maculicauda (Gill, 1862).
- Black-backed grunt ( Haemulon melanurum ) (Linnaeus, 1758).
- Gray-fin grunt ( Haemulon parra ) (Desmarest, 1823).
- White grunt ( Haemulon plumieri ) (Lacepède, 1801).
- Haemulon schrankii Agassiz in Spix & Agassiz, 1831.
- Blue-stripe grunt ( Haemulon sciurus ) (Shaw, 1803).
- Gray Grunt ( Haemulon scudderii ) Gill, 1862.
- Haemulon serrula (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830).
- Six-Stripe Grunt ( Haemulon sexfasciatum ) Gill, 1862.
- Haemulon squamipinna Rocha & Rosa, 1999.
- Steindachner's Grunt ( Haemulon steindachneri ) (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882).
- Stripe grunt ( Haemulon striatum ) (Linnaeus, 1758).
- Haemulon vittatum (Poey, 1860)
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Haemulopsis Steindachner, 1869
- Haemulopsis axillaris (Steindachner, 1869)
- Haemulopsis elongatus (Steindachner, 1879)
- Haemulopsis leuciscus (Günther, 1864)
- Haemulopsis nitidus (Steindachner, 1869)
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Isacia Jordan & Fesler, 1893
- Isacia conceptionis (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830)
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Microlepidotus Gill, 1862
- Microlepidotus brevipinnis (Steindachner, 1869)
- Microlepidotus inornatus Gill, 1862
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Orthopristis Girard, 1858
- Orthopristis cantharinus (Jenyns, 1840)
- Orthopristis chalceus (Günther, 1864)
- Little-mouthed grunt ( Orthopristis chrysoptera ) (Linnaeus, 1766)
- Orthopristis forbesi Jordan & Starks in Gilbert, 1897
- Orthopristis lethopristis Jordan & Fesler, 1889
- Orthopristis reddingi Jordan & Richardson in Jordan, 1895
- Corocoro ( Orthopristis ruber ) (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830)
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Paranisotremus Tavera et al., 2018
- Paranisotremus moricandi (Ranzani, 1842)
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Parakuhlia
- Parakuhlia macrophthalmus (Osório, 1893)
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Pomadasys Lacepède, 1802
- Pomadasys aheneus McKay & Randall, 1995
- Pomadasys andamanensis McKay & Satapoomin, 1994
- Pomadasys argenteus (Forsskål, 1775)
- Pomadasys argyreus (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1833)
- Pomadasys auritus (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830)
- Pomadasys bayanus Jordan & Evermann, 1898
- Pomadasys bipunctatus Kner in Steindachner, 1898
- Pomadasys branickii (Steindachner, 1879)
- Pomadasys commersonnii (Lacepède, 1801)
- Pomadasys corvinaeformis (Steindachner, 1868)
- Pomadasys crocro (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830)
- Pomadasys empherus Bussing, 1993
- Pomadasys furcatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
- Pomadasys guoraca (Cuvier, 1829)
- Pomadasys hasta (Bloch, 1790)
- Pomadasys incisus (Bowdich, 1825)
- Pomadasys jubelini (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830)
- Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830)
- Pomadasys laurentino (Smith, 1953)
- Pomadasys macracanthus (Günther, 1864)
- Pomadasys maculatus (Bloch, 1793)
- Pomadasys multimaculatum (Playfair in Playfair & Günther, 1867)
- Pomadasys olivaceus (Day, 1875)
- Pomadasys panamensis (Steindachner, 1876)
- Pomadasys perotaei (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830)
- Pomadasys punctulatus (Rüppell, 1838)
- Pomadasys quadrilineatus Shen & Lin, 1984
- Pomadasys ramosus (Poey, 1860)
- Pomadasys rogerii (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830)
- Pomadasys schyrii Steindachner, 1900
- Pomadasys striatus (Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908)
- Pomadasys stridens (Forsskål, 1775)
- Pomadasys suillus (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1833)
- Pomadasys taeniatus McKay & Randall, 1995
- Pomadasys trifasciatus Fowler, 1937
- Pomadasys unimaculatus Tian, 1982
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Xenichthys Gill, 1863
- Xenichthys agassizii Steindachner, 1876
- Xenichthys rupestris Hildebrand, 1946
- Xenichthys xanti Gill, 1863
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Xenistius Jordan & Gilbert, 1883
- Xenistius californiensis (Steindachner, 1876)
- Xenistius peruanus Hildebrand, 1946
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Xenocys Jordan & Bollman, 1890
- Xenocys jessiae Jordan & Bollman, 1890
"Inermiidae"
Two species from the subfamily, Emmelichthyops atlanticus and Haemulon vittatum, are very well adapted to a planktivorous diet and have developed a particularly protractile (protruding) jaw for this purpose. Until recently, they were therefore led into their own family, the Inermiidae, the latter as Inermia vittata . They are phylogenetically but within the Haemulinae and form no clade . The Inermiidae are therefore no longer valid.
literature
- Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World . John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7
- Ewald Lieske, Robert F. Myers: Coral fish of the world . Year Top Special Verlag Hamburg, ISBN 3-86132-112-2
- Sanciangco, M., LA Rocha% KE Carpenter: A molecular phylogeny of the Grunts (Perciformes: Haemulidae) inferred using mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Zootaxa 2966: 37-50. 2011 PDF
- Tavera, J., Acero P., A. & Wainwright, PC (2018): Multilocus phylogeny, divergence times, and a major role for the benthic-to-pelagic axis in the diversification of grunts (Haemulidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 121: 212-223. doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2017.12.032
Web links
- Grunts on Fishbase.org (English)