Gymnosiphon
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Gymnosiphon bekensis |
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Gymnosiphon is a plant kind from the family of Burmanniaceae . With around 25 species, the genus is the second largest in the family.
description
The species of the genus are up to 30 centimeters high, chlorophyll-free herbaceous plants , their cylindrical rhizome is bulbous and densely covered with small, narrowly egg-shaped to triangular scale leaves and thread-like roots. The leaves are small, sessile, scale-like and ovate to lanceolate-ovate.
The inflorescence is a terminal double winding with 1 to 48 usually stalked, upright flowers on his approach, he is of two bracts clutching. The basic color of the salver-shaped flowers is white, occasionally there is also yellow or blue, they reach a length of 3.2 to 15 millimeters. The upper part of the perianth is circumscissile, so all of the flower elements above the flower tube are thrown off and a “bare flower tube” is left behind. The outer bracts are three-lobed, the two lobes on the edge are rolled up in the bud, the inner bracts are significantly smaller than the outer and occasionally swollen.
The three anthers are seated and set 0.5 to 1.5 millimeters below the point of attachment of the inner circle of petals, the connective is broadly ovoid to broadly inverted-ovoid, 0.2 to 0.5 millimeters long and 0.1 to 0, 6 millimeters wide, mostly without appendix. The stylus is branched to three ends towards the tip, which end in horseshoe-shaped scars with two thread -shaped and winding appendices at each end, which, however, can occasionally be missing.
The ovary is unicameral. The remnants of the flower sit on the upright to nodding, round to elliptical capsule fruit . The dust-fine seeds are gray-black, elliptical to thread-shaped with a tapering tip, 0.2 to 0.9 millimeters long and 0.09 to 0.6 millimeters wide and an extremely short funiculus .
The structure of the flower favors self-pollination, the seeds are spread by the wind ( granometeorochory ) or by the water.
distribution
The genus is native to the tropical rainforests of the Neotropics , Asia and Africa at altitudes from sea level up to 1100 meters ( Gymnosiphon suaveolens up to 2300 meters), the center of diversity is the Neotropic with around 15 species. Gymnosiphon species can be found there from South Mexico to Bolivia, Venezuela, Guyana and Brazil, but also to Trinidad and the Antilles.
The American species are often found in Mora forests, but also on white sand in the Caatinga .
Status / threat
In 1997, three species of the genus Gymnosiphon were on the IUCN Red List as "Rare" (= "Rare"), but they no longer appear in more recent editions of the Red List.
Systematics and distribution
In Jonker's monographic processing of the family in 1938, the genus was classified in the Tribus Burmannieae , Subertribus Apterieae and divided into the sections Eugymnosiphon and Ptychomeria , the latter was again subdivided into two subsections, the Inappendiculati and the Appendiculati . Later editors did not follow this subdivision and refrained from sectioning the genus.
According to molecular genetic studies, the two species of the genus Cymbocarpa can be incorporated into Gymnosiphon , but the relevant processing is still pending. Types of the genus are:
- Gymnosiphon affinis J.J. Sm .: It occurs in New Guinea.
- Gymnosiphon afro-orientalis Cheek : The species first described in 2009 occurs from southern Tanzania to Zambia .
- Gymnosiphon aphyllus flower : It occurs from Malesia to Taiwan and the Carolinen .
- Gymnosiphon bekensis Letouzey : It occurs in western and central tropical Africa.
- Gymnosiphon brachycephalus Snelders & Maas : It occurs from Panama to Ecuador and northern South America.
- Gymnosiphon breviflorus Gleason : It occurs from Costa Rica to tropical South America.
- Gymnosiphon capitatus (Benth.) Urb. : It occurs from Guyana to northern Brazil.
- Gymnosiphon constrictus Maas & H.Maas : It occurs in Gabon .
- Gymnosiphon cymosus (Benth.) Benth. & Hook.f. : It occurs in tropical South America.
- Gymnosiphon danguyanus H. Perrier : It occurs in western Tanzania and Madagascar.
- Gymnosiphon divaricatus (Benth.) Benth. & Hook.f. : It occurs from southern Mexico to tropical South America and Trinidad.
- Gymnosiphon fimbriatus (Benth.) Urb. : It occurs in tropical South America.
- Gymnosiphon guianensis Gleason : It occurs in Guiana and Suriname .
- Gymnosiphon longistylus (Benth.) Hutch. : It occurs in western and west-central tropical Africa.
- Gymnosiphon marieae Cheek : It occurs in Madagascar. It was first described in 2008.
- Gymnosiphon minahassae Schltr. : It occurs in northern Sulawesi .
- Gymnosiphon minutus Snelders & Maas : It occurs from Costa Rica to tropical South America.
- Gymnosiphon neglectus Jonker : It occurs in Java.
- Gymnosiphon niveus (Griseb.) Urb. : It occurs on islands in the Caribbean.
- Gymnosiphon okamotoi Tuyama : It occurs on Palau .
- Gymnosiphon oliganthus Schltr. : It occurs in northeastern New Guinea.
- Gymnosiphon panamensis Jonker : It occurs from Mexico to Panama.
- Gymnosiphon papuanus Becc. : It occurs from Sulawesi to Palau .
- Gymnosiphon pauciflorus Schltr. : It occurs in New Guinea.
- Gymnosiphon recurvatus Schltr. : It occurs in Guyana.
- Gymnosiphon samoritoureanus Cheek : It occurs in Guinea and Liberia. It was first described in 2010.
- Gymnosiphon sphaerocarpus Urb. : It occurs on islands in the Caribbean and in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco .
- Gymnosiphon suaveolens (H.Karst.) Urb. : It occurs from Mexico to western South America.
- Gymnosiphon tenellus (Benth.) Urb. : It occurs in Jamaica and in tropical Central and South America.
- Gymnosiphon usambaricus Engl .: It occurs in Tanzania and in southeastern Kenya.
Botanical history
The genus Gymnosiphon was first described in 1827 by Carl Ludwig von Blume as the second genus of the Burmanniaceae based on Gymnosiphon aphyllus . The scientific name is derived from the Greek ancient Greek γυμνός gymnós , German 'naked' and σίφων síphon , German 'tube' and refers to the peculiarity of the species of the genus, shedding the petals during maturity and leaving the tube standing.
proof
- Hiltje Maas-van de Kamer: Burmanniaceae . In: Klaus Kubitzki (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Vol. 3 . Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-540-64060-6 .
- PJM Maas, H. Maas-van de Kamer, J. van Bentham, HCM Snelders, T. Rübsamen: Burmanniaceae . Flora Neotropica, 1986, monogr. 42, p. 94 ff.
- Fredrik Pieter Jonker: A monograph of the Burmanniaceae , Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 51: 1-279, 1938
- Pedro Acevedo-Rodriguez, Mark T. Strong (Eds.): Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands. In: Contributions from the United States National Herbarium , 2005, Volume 52, p. 95
Individual evidence
- ↑ See the list online ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ PJM Maas 1986, p. 94, footnote 1
- ↑ Ray Neyland: A phylogeny inferred from large-subunit (26 S) ribosomal DNA sequences suggests that Burmanniales are polyphyletic , in: Australian Systematic Botany, 15, 2002, pp. 19-28
- ↑ V. Merckx, P. Schols, H. Maas-van de Kamer, P. Maas, S. Huysmans, E. Smets: Phylogeny and evolution of Burmanniaceae (Dioscoreales) based on nuclear and mitochondrial data , in: Am. J. Bot. 93: 1684-1698, 2006
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Gymnosiphon. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 5, 2017.
- ↑ Martin Cheek, Xander van der Burgt: Gymnosiphon samoritoureanus (Burmanniaceae) a new species from Guinea, with new records of other achlorophyllous heteromycotrophs In: Kew Bulletin, Vol. 65, 1, pp. 83-88, 2010
