Hazaristan

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hazaristan (purple, left)

Hazaristan ( Persian هزارستان Hazāristān ) or Hazarajat ( Persian هزاره جات Hazāradschāt ) is a mountain region in the central highlands of Afghanistan between the Koh-i-Baba Mountains at the western ends of the Hindu Kush . It is home to the Hazara , a Persian-speaking people who make up most of the population. Hazarajat (internationally also Hazarajat ) describes an ethnic and religious zone rather than a geographical zone. The Hazarajat region mainly comprises the provinces of Bamiyan , Daikondi , Ghor and large parts of Ghazni , Urusgan , Parwan and Maidan Wardak . The most populous cities in Hazarajat are Bamyan , Yakawlang, Nili, Lal wa Sardjangal and Ghazni .

Name, etymological background

The Hazara and surrounding peoples use the names Hazarādschāt or Hazāristān to identify the historical Hazara lands. Hazarajat is a combination of Hazara and the actual Arabic suffix -dschāt for plural formation of inanimate words such as grain Ghaladschāt ( Persian غله جات), Sabzidschāt ( Persian سبزيجات) (Greens or vegetables), Mewadschāt (fruits), Noschtehdschāt ( Persian نوشته جات) (Documents) etc. Here ( Persian ات-āt) used for animated words for humans and animals: Ensānāt ( Persian انسانات) and Eiwānnāt ( Persian حيوانات), but also Nabatāt (plants). Harazah or Hazareh ( Persian هزاره) means in relation to the calendar calculation like Hazarah ye yak (1st millennium) or Hazareh ye pesch az Millad (1st millennium before the birth of Christ) and a foreign name for residents in the heart of the Hindu Kush, which is connotatively related to hordes of Genes Khan due to their appearance had been brought. The ending ( Persian هhe gerdak, "small he") deleted from most words connected with the suffix jāt . The suffix "at" is Arabic and "eit" like -heit und -keit as in German for a feminine plural formation (?) Or totality of the number both for humans and for animals according to the grammar of the Persian language and in particular according to the grammar of the Arabic language z. B. "Al Ketab" "book" by Sibawayhi from Shiraz such as Ensanheit (humanity), Adamyeit (humanity) and "Heiwaneit" used for animal world. However, the majority of Adam is called Adamha in the Persian language. Typical Persian suffixes for plural formation for living beings, people, nations, peoples and animals are: but also "an", "ha" or "gan" such as "Sher" singular for (lion) and Scheran or Scher ha (lion). Shir (milk) bessiar shir (a lot of milk). Typical Persian suffixes for localization are "- Stan ", "an" (country), -Ostan (province), "-abad" like "settlement" or built up. Hazarajat is not a grammatically correct plural formation. Persian grammar does not allow the reification of people. Only slaves are considered a thing. That is why the name Hazaristan "Land of Hazara" is correct.

Historical background

Modern times

The name "Hazarajat" first appears in the 16th century book Baburnama , which was written by Mughal Emperor Babur (died 1530). When the famous geographer Ibn Battuta arrived in Khorasan in 1333 , he was traveling around the country but did not record any place named Hazarajat or any Hazara people. It was also not mentioned by previous geographers, historians, adventurers, or invaders.

Middle Ages: Introduction of the Arabic script in India, Iran and Turan

The Arab geographer al-Muqaddasī ( approx. 945/946 - 991) called Hazarajat the area ruled by chiefs Gharj Al-Shar ( Gharj means "mountain"). The region was known as Gharjistan in the late Middle Ages, although the exact locations of the main cities are not yet known. "Gar" is Old and Middle Persian for mountain, "Ghar" ( Persian غرچستان Ghartschistan ) or ( Persian غرچستان Ghardschistan ) or ( Persian غرجستان Ghardschistan ) or Kohistan (land of mountains) in Pashtun language mountain and New Persian for mountain cave or hole like "Spinghar" (Safedkoh: white mountain). In Shahnama Ferdaussi calls them ( Persian غرچهGhartscheh ) and their country ( Persian غرچهGhartscheh ) ( Persian غرچگانGhrchehgan ), "gan" is Sufixx from place like Gorkan ( Persian گرکانGorkan). "Gorkan" means "son-in-law" (old: Eidam) in Altaic-Turkish languages. Mughal Empire is written in Persian ( Persian امپراتوری گورکانی هندGorkani Empire in India). "Gan" (before Arabization) and "jan" are Persian suffixes for localization like "Azerbadgan" (today Azerbaijan) or Sanjan. Arabic-Persian (-jā́t) is also connected in Pashto or افغانی in Afghani with inanimate words such as fruit (Pashto: مېوه (mewá)) to مېوجات (mewajā́t). Elphinstone, author of the book "Kingdom of Kabul" did not use Hazarajat. He described the "Huzara Country" (Land of Hazara). Hazara (division) has nothing to do with Hazara as a Turan people. In appearance, the inhabitants of this division bear no resemblance to the Gorgan or Gorkan peoples, although Hazara from Afghanistan were forced to flee to India from the end of the 1890s until 1919, as the Pashtun rulers came to power, as they thought during the Taliban period Hazara of Afghanistan that Hazara Division came from their ethnic groups. This was about the Hindko people, who in Arabic or Persian Hu-sa-la "( Persian هزاله) or ( Arabic هُزالة) means, but according to the "Dictionary of Dehkhoda" it means smiling or happy, friendly and intelligent. Here the similarity between "Huzara" and "Husala" (Hesors) is unsurpassed. "Thousand" also means how much in Persian. A thousand thanks, a thousand greetings, etc.

Antiquity especially with the geographer Claudius Ptolemy

Gar , (pronounced Garr) Garan (mountains, but also for heavy, large) Old Persian Kup later Kuf Pl. Kufan in Bundahishn , Middle Persian or Pahlavi meant mountain and Gar (pronunciation: Gār like "jāt", not Jatt Jat (people) ) . With the introduction of the Arabic script, which does not have a [G] like Gustaf (this G becomes either [ج] or [غ] (Gh)), Garr became Gharr ( Persian غرBerg) and Gār zu Ghar ( Persian غارMountain cave or hole). Kashgar , Pahargar, mountain in Dimavand and ancient names of mountains in Hindukoh such as Kashtun Ghar , Spinghar , Kushtoz Ghar . Their definitions quoted Walker as the Chinese pilgrims as Xuanzang and historians as amanuensis Alexander Macbean (1773) and Sir Alexander Cunningham (1867) the writings of geographers, Claudius Ptolemy , that he in the heart Hindukoh a region named Ozola , Usalo or Azola in Called Arachosia . Alexander Cunningham writes: Ozola (is) most likely the 'Ho-sa-lo' of the Chinese pilgrim, which I identified with 'Guzar' or 'Guzaristan' from Upper Helmand. Ferdaussi named this region Guzistan . Transcriptions, i.e. transcriptions from one script to another, especially non-Latin script, involve some difficulties. So z. B. Nan (bread), Samano and Tehran is pronounced and also written out when speaking the Iranian languages ​​in Tajikistan Non , Somani and Tehron. Chatlan becomes Chalton, Gulistan becomes Guliston. The Pashtun suffix tone - introduced for the first time since 1964 - has since been used for new localizations such as Pahanton (place of knowledge or university), Darmalton (place of medicine in the sense of medicines), Ketabton (place of the book i.e. library) etc. The name Farsi was erased in Afghanistan and Dari was chosen as the national language and Pashto as the national language. During the time of Zahir Shah, the President of Parliament Abdul Zahir not only informed the US embassies and US missions in Kabul and Pakistan with diplomatic notes about this. However, these documents classified as confidential as airgram of the Afghan government in the US State Department have since been revoked for confidentiality and published with the stamp of "desclassiefed".

topography

The northwest of Hazarajat includes the Ghor district , which has long been known for its mountain fortresses. The 10th century geographer al-Istachrī wrote that the mountainous Ghor was "the only region surrounded on all sides by Islamic areas and yet inhabited by unbelievers". The long resistance of the residents of Ghor to the adoption of Islam is an indication of the inaccessibility of the region. According to some travelers, the entire region is like a fortress in the upper Central Asian highlands: from any approach, high and steep mountains have to be traversed to get there. The language of the people of Ghor was so different from that of the people on the plains that communication between the two interpreters was required. In the northeastern part of the Hazarajat are the ancient Bamyan, a center of Buddhism and an important caravanserai on the Silk Road. The city lies at an altitude of 2500 m and is surrounded in the north by the Hindu Kush and in the south by Koh-i Baba. The Hazarajat was viewed as part of the larger geographic region of Khorasan (Kushan), the porous boundaries of which spanned the vast region between the Caspian Sea and the Amu Darya , thus encompassing much of what is now northern Iran and Afghanistan . However, there are various names in Hazarstan that are connected with Hazar (thousand) as a prefix: Hazarchmah or Hazarchmeh (thousand sources), Hazarbagh (thousand garden), Hazarbuz (thousand pull) or thousand goats, Hazarburj (thousand castle), Hazardastan "thousand Fairy tales "etc. Hazarajat is mountainous and a series of mountain passes extend along its eastern edge. One of them, the Unai Pass , is blocked by snow six months a year. Another, the Shibar Pass at a lower altitude, is only blocked by snow two months a year. Bamyan is the colder part of the region. The winters there are severe. Hazarajat is the source of the Arghandāb , Murghab , Balch , Kabul (river) , Hilmend, and Hari Rud rivers . In the spring and summer months, it has some of the greenest pastures in Afghanistan. There are natural lakes , green valleys and caves in Bamyan .

See also

literature

Ferdinand Justi: Der Bundehesh, published for the first time, transcribed, trans. and provided with a glossary by Ferdinand Justi, Leipzig, 1869. here: Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim, New York, 1976, p. 219

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston: DISAPPEARING PEOPLES ?: INDIGENOUS GROUPS AND ETHNIC MINORITIES IN SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA . Left Coast Press, 2007, ISBN 978-1-59874-121-6 ( google.de [accessed March 17, 2020]).
  2. ↑ [1]
  3. ↑ [2]
  4. ↑ Ibn Batuta, HAR Gibb: Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354 . Psychology Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-415-34473-9 ( google.de [accessed March 17, 2020]).
  5. ↑ HAZĀRA i. Historical geography of Hazārajāt - Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved March 17, 2020 .
  6. ↑ [3]
  7. ↑ Alexander von Humboldt (1844) [4]
  8. ↑ [5]
  9. ↑ [6]