-stan
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-stan is an ending syllable in the names of numerous countries and regions in areas populated by Indo-Iranian and Turkic-speaking peoples, especially in Central Asia and on the Indian subcontinent .
Origin and meaning
-stan ( Persian ـستان) means in Persian "place of" or "home of" and goes back to an Indo-Iranian and Indo-Aryan basic expression for "place" or "where one stands". The term also has a wider meaning than “place of time”: This is the name of “spring” next to Persian بهار, DMG Bahār also Persian بهارستان, DMG Bahārestān , 'springtime', the “summer” in Persian تابستان, DMG Tābestān , 'heat time' and the 'winter' in Persian زمستان, DMG Zemestān , 'cold time'.
The corresponding form in Sanskrit is -sthāna ( st̪ʰaːna , स्थान in Devanagari ). Both forms are based on the Indo-European root * stand₂- for “stand”, which is also based on words like staan in Dutch , stand in English , stare in Latin and histamai ( ἵσταμαι ) in ancient Greek and also has the meaning “stand”.
In the Slavic languages , numerous other words can be traced back to this root. Examples are in Polish stan for "state" or "state" and in Russian стан ( stan ) for "settlement" or "camp". In the South Slavic languages of the Balkan Peninsula , stan stands for "apartment". The root is also preserved in Germanic words such as stand / Statt / Stätte / Stadt (place, place).
-stan also appears in other place names, such as B. in Persian in the word rigestan (ريگستان) for "sand place" or "desert" and the word golestan (گلستان) for "place of roses" or "rose garden". In Hindi , the final syllable is found in the word devasthan for “place of the devas ” or “temple”.
State names ending in -stan
- Afghanistan
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan (also Kyrgyzstan)
- Pakistan
- Tajikistan
- Turkmenistan
- Uzbekistan
Other regions and name connections
- Arabistan - in the narrower sense Chusistan , in the broader sense areas in Iran that were once settled by Arabs, as well as in generalعربستان' DMG ' Arabestān as today's Persian name for “Land of the Arabs”, especially Saudi Arabia
- Armenistan - former Ottoman province
- Balochistan - a province in western Pakistan and a region in southeastern Iran
- Gilgit-Baltistan region in Kashmir
- Bashkortostan - an autonomous republic of the Russian Federation
- Bantustan - in South Africa during the apartheid regime collective term for the settlement areas ( homelands ) assigned to the black majority population , also the plural form "Bantustans" in use
- Khuzestan , Khuzestan - an area in southwestern Iran
- Dagestan - an autonomous region of the Russian Federation
- Gulistan - "rose garden" in Persian: an Iranian province ; the Golestan Palace in Tehran, possibly after the eponymous collection of poems by Saadi was named
- Hayastan - name for Armenia in Armenian
- Hindustan - today's Republic of India
- Kafiristan - old name for Nuristan
- Karakalpakistan - an autonomous republic in western Uzbekistan
- Khalistan - the vision of a Sikh state
- Kurdistan - settlement area of Kurds in the Middle East, parts of which are the Autonomous Region of Kurdistan in Iraq and the Iranian province of Kordestān
- Lasistan - former Ottoman province of the Lasen in the South Caucasus
- Lorestan (also Luristan) - an area in western Iran
- Nuristan - Afghan Province
- Rajasthan - Indian state
- Registan - historical site in Samarkand , sandy desert in southern Afghanistan (literally "sand land")
- Sistan - an Iranian province
- Tatarstan - an autonomous republic of the Russian Federation
- Turkestan - a mountainous region in Central Asia
- Waziristan - a mountainous region in northwestern Pakistan on the border with Afghanistan
Cities
- Nur-Sultan (until 2019 Astana) - the capital of Kazakhstan
- Takestan - city in Iran , west of Tehran
- Türkistan - a city in Kazakhstan
Fictional regions
Terms with -stan in other languages
- Armenistan - Persian and Turkish name of Armenia ( Persian ارمنستان, DMG Armanestān )
- Bulgaristan - Turkish name of Bulgaria ( Persian بلغارستان, DMG Bolġārestān )
- Gürcistan - Turkish name of Georgia ( Persian گرجستان, DMG Gorǧestān )
- Hayastan - Armenia's name in its own language
- Hindistan - Turkish name of India
- Lehistan - Persian (لهستان, DMG Lehestān ) and the Crimean Tatar name of Poland (where Leh- can be traced back to Duke Lech , the legendary forefather of Poland, or the West Slavic tribe of the Lendizen )
- Macaristan - Turkish name of Hungary (whereby Macar- is based on the Hungarian name and the majority of the population of the Magyars ), Persian مجارستان, DMG Maǧārestān
- Rigestan ( Persian ريگستان, DMG Rīgestān ) - geographical name for the deserts in Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia
- Çeçenistan - Turkish and original Persian name (چچنستان, DMG Čečenestān ) of Chechnya
- Yunanistan - Turkish name of Greece (where Yunan is derived from the Ionian tribe , an ancient group of Greek ancestors from Asia Minor )
- Sırbistan - Turkish name of Serbia
In addition, in North Germanic languages, the term Langtbortistan exists for a fictional country that became popular through its use in Danish and Swedish- language cartoons . It is a literal translation of the original English term Remotistan , which was first mentioned in a story about the flying elephant Dumbo , produced in 1958 by Carl Fallberg and Paul Murry (different variants are Faroffistan and Farawaystan ). In German, the term could be roughly translated as far-away . As a term for distant and foreign regions and cultures, Langtbortistan has been an integral part of everyday Danish language since the early 1970s. It was also included in the Danish dictionary in 2001.
additional
In 1992, Switzerland founded an economic alliance with countries from the East under the name Helvetistan .
literature
- Kinga Maciuszak: The Persian suffix - (e) stān 'the land of ' . In: Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 13, 2008, pp. 119-140.