Schnirkelschnecken
Schnirkelschnecken | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Roman snail ( Helix pomatia ) |
||||||||||||
Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Helicidae | ||||||||||||
Rafinesque , 1815 |
The Schnirkelschnecken (Helicidae) are a family from the subordination of the land snails (Stylommatophora). The family is very species-rich and widespread in Europe. The center of diversity is in southern Europe.
features
The cases are moderately large to large. Shape, ornamentation and color vary widely. Often there is also a high intra-species variability. The umbilical is open or closed. The mouth is also multifaceted, and there is often a folded mouth rim. However, there are seldom teeth that protrude into the mouth. Originally there is a diverticulum and a single love arrow sack in the genital system. The latter is connected to two tubular mucous glands that attach to the base of the arrow sack. The love arrow has two to four edges.
Occurrence, way of life and distribution
The species of the family originally lived all over Europe as well as in North Africa, Asia Minor, the Caucasus region and the Arabian Peninsula as well as on some Central Atlantic Islands ( Madeira Archipelago , Ilhas Selvagens , Canary Islands , Cape Verde Islands ). In the meantime, a number of species have been introduced almost worldwide. The Schnirkelschnecken inhabit the most diverse habitats, from extremely humid and cool locations to arid and hot locations. They occur from the coast to great heights in the mountains. The species of the family mainly feed on mostly dead plants, not including pronounced carnivorous forms.
Systematics
The snails are currently divided into two subfamilies Helicinae and Ariantinae in the literature to a large extent. Schileyko (2006) further subdivides the Ariantinae into five tribes . This extensive breakdown is not followed due to the still uncertain systematic position of many genera, especially since three of the tribe are monotypical . Due to molecular genetic studies, the systematics of the snail is still changing constantly, also the scope of the genera (see also the systematics in Fauna Europaea). The system used here follows the MolluscaBase:
- Schnirkelschnecken family (Helicidae Rafinesque, 1815)
- Subfamily Ariantinae Mörch, 1864
- Genus † Agalactochilus Kadolsky, H. Binder & Neubauer, 2016
- Genus Arianta Leach, 1831
- Spotted snail ( Arianta arbustorum (Linné, 1758))
- Genus Campylaea Beck, 1837
- Genus Campylaeopsis AJ Wagner, 1914
- Genus Cattania Brusina, 1904
- Genus Causa Schileyko, 1971
- Genus Chilostoma Fitzinger, 1833
- Genus Corneola Hero, 1838
- Genus Cylindric Fitzinger, 1833
- Cylinder rock snail ( Cylindus obtusus (Draparnaud, 1805))
- Genus Delphinatia P. Hesse, 1931
- Genus Dinarica Kobelt, 1902
- Genus Drobacia Brusina, 1904
- Genus Faustina Kobelt, 1904
- Genus Helicigona Férussac, 1821
- Stone picker ( Helicigona lapicida (Linné, 1758))
- Three-tailed rock snail ( Helicigona trizona (Rossmässler, 1834))
- Genus Isognomostoma Fitzinger, 1833
- Mask snail ( Isognomostoma isognomostomos (Schröter, 1784))
- Genus Josephinella F. Haas, 1936
- Genus Kollarix Groenenberg, Subai & E. Gittenberger, 2016
- Genus Kosicia Brusina, 1904
- Genus Liburnica Kobelt, 1904
- Genus † Mesodontopsis Pilsbry, 1895
- Genus † Metacampylaea Pilsbry, 1895
- Genus † Paradrobacia H. Nordsieck, 2014
- Genus † Pseudoklikia H. Nordsieck, 2018
- Genus Pseudotrizona Groenenberg, Subai & E. Gittenberger, 2016
- Genus Thiessea Kobelt, 1904
- Genus Vidovicia Brusina, 1904
- Subfamily Helicinae Rafinesque, 1815
- Tribus Allognathini Westerlund, 1903
- Genus Allognathus Pilsbry, 1888
- Genus cepaea snails ( Cepaea Held, 1838)
- Garden cepaea ( Cepaea hortensis )
- Grove cepaea ( Cepaea nemoralis )
- Genus Hemicycla Swainson, 1840
- Genus Iberus Montfort, 1810
- Genus Lampadia Albers, 1854
- Genus Pseudotachea CR Boettger, 1909
- Genus † Creneatachea Zilch, 1960
- Genus † Frechenia Schlickum & Strauch, 1971 †
- Tribus Helicini Rafinesque, 1815
- Genus Amanica H. Nordsieck, 2017
- Genus Caucasotachea CR Boettger, 1909
- Genus Codringtonia Kobelt, 1898
- Genus Helix Linnaeus, 1758
- Grunt snail ( Helix aperta )
- Striped garden snail ( Helix lucorum Linnaeus, 1758)
- Roman snail ( Helix pomatia (Linné, 1758))
- Podolian Roman snail ( Helix lutescens (Ziegler in Rossmässler, 1834))
- Genus Isaurica Kobelt, 1901
- Genus Levantina Kobelt, 1871
- Genus Lindholmia P. Hesse, 1918
- Genus Maltzanella P. Hesse, 1917
- Genus Neocrassa Subai, 2005
- Genus Tacheopsis CR Boettger, 1909
- Genus Tyrrhenaria P. Hesse, 1918
- Genus Pomatia Röding, 1798 (taxon inquirendum)
- Genus † Megalotachea Pepper, 1930
- Tribus Otalini G. Pfeffer, 1930
- Genus Alabastrina Kobelt, 1904
- Genus Cantareus Risso, 1826
- Genus Cornu Born, 1778
- Spotted garden snail ( Cornu aspersum OF Müller, 1778)
- Genus Erctella Monterosato, 1894
- Genus Eremina L. Pfeiffer, 1855
- Genus Hessea CR Boettger, 1911
- Genus Idiomela T. Cockerell, 1921
- Genus Massylaea Möllendorff, 1898
- Diverticular snail ( Massylaea vermiculata (OF Müller, 1774))
- Genus Maurohelix P. Hesse, 1917
- Genus Otala Schumacher, 1817
- Black-mouthed field snail ( Otala lactea (OF Müller, 1774))
- Genus Rossmaessleria P. Hesse, 1907
- Genus Tingitana Pallary, 1919
- Genus † Palaeotachea Jooss, 1912
- Genus † Parachloraea Sandberger, 1873
- Genus † Schlickumia Truc, 1971
- Tribus Thebini Wenz, 1923
- Genus Theba Risso, 1831
- Mediterranean sand snail ( Theba pisana )
- Genus † Titthodomus Pfeffer, 1930
- Genus Theba Risso, 1831
- Tribus Allognathini Westerlund, 1903
- Subfamily Murellinae
- Genus Macularia Albers, 1850
- Wood snail ( Macularia sylvatica )
- Genus Marmorana Hartmann, 1844
- Genus Murella L. Pfeiffer, 1877
- Genus Thyrrheniberus Hesse & Kobel, 1904
- Genus Xerocincta Monterosato, 1892
- Genus Macularia Albers, 1850
- Subfamily Ariantinae Mörch, 1864
Phylogeny
The position of the Helicidae within the Helicoidea has not yet been conclusively clarified. According to the cladogram by Steinke, Albrecht & Pfenninger (2004), the Helicidae are the sister taxons of the Helicodontidae .
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
According to Koene & Schulenburg (2005), on the other hand, the Helicidae are the sister group of the Helminthoglyptidae, the Bradybaenidae the sister group of a Monophylum consisting of Helicidae and Helminthoglyptidae. The Hygromiidae form the outer group of Bradybaenidae, Helicidae and Helminthoglyptidae.
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
literature
- Philippe Bouchet & Jean-Pierre Rocroi: Part 2. Working classification of the Gastropoda . Malacologia, 47: 239-283, Ann Arbor 2005 ISSN 0076-2997
- Jürgen H. Jungbluth and Dietrich von Knorre: Common names of land and freshwater mollusks in Germany (Gastropoda et Bivalvia). Mollusca, 26 (1): 105-156, Dresden 2008 ISSN 1864-5127
- Joris M. Koene and Hinrich Schulenburg: Shooting darts: co-evolution and counter-adaptation in hermaphroditic snails. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 5:25, 13 pages, 2005 doi : 10.1186 / 1471-2148-5-25
- Hartmut Nordsieck: Higher classification of the Helicoidea and the molecular analyzes of their phylogeny . 2006 online
- Anatolij A. Schileyko: Treatise on Recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs, Part 13 Helicidae, Pleurodontidae, Polygyridae, Ammonitellidae, Oreohelicidae, Thysanophoridae. Ruthenica, Supplement 2 (10): 1765-1906, Moscow 2006 ISSN 0136-0027
- Dirk Steinke, Christian Albrecht and Markus Pfenninger: Molecular phylogeny and character evolution in the Western Palaearctic Helicidae s. l. (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 32: 724-734, San Diego 2004 doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2004.03.004 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Fauna Europaea
- ↑ MolluscaBase: Helicidae Rafinesque, 1815
- ↑ cf. the "Cornu problem" by Robert Nordsieck [1]
annotation
- ↑ The name Schnirkelschnecken is also used by some authors for the superfamily Helicoidea. In this naming scheme, the Helicidae are often referred to as real or real Schnirkelschnecken. The latter names, in turn, are often used for the subfamily Helicinae. Jungbluth & von Knorre limit the name Schnirkelschnecken to the family Helicidae.