Heterophobia
Heterophobia (from ancient Greek ἕτερος , héteros , "the other" and φόβος, phóbos , "fear" / phobia ) describes the aversion to people who are different or are perceived as different. In psychological or educational language use, this can specifically refer to the strong [pathological] fear of the opposite sex.
Definitions
Heterophobic attitudes are expressed in a hostile attitude towards people with behaviors or lifestyles that deviate from the norms of a group. In contrast to xenophobia (xenophobia), the derogatory attitude can also be directed at people who are not generally perceived as alien, but only in certain characteristics as deviating, stressful or disturbing, e.g. people with disabilities , homeless or homosexuals .
In Germany, the term was popularized in this definition by the sociologist Wilhelm Heitmeyer . The Bielefeld Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence , which he heads , last published the annual results of a long-term study of the group-related enmity project in 2006 . Based on the methods of Horkheimer / Adorno and Pierre Bourdieu , tens of thousands of German citizens were asked about political issues and attitudes as part of the study. The term heterophobia is also used to explain the phenomenon that only a small proportion of the respondents in such studies expresses approval of statements that are perceived as socially undesirable ( xenophobic , anti-Semitic or homophobic ), while clearly higher approval values are shown for claused questions.
In 1982, the sociologist Albert Memmi suggested using the term heterophobia instead of racism , unless "racism in the narrower sense", that is, biologically argued racism, is meant:
“Racism” should only refer to the rejection of the other based on purely biological differences, while “heterophobia” should mean the rejection of the other based on differences of any kind. This makes racism a special case of heterophobia. "
Differentiation from other terms
The biphobia called the incomprehension and the distaste for bisexuals . Transphobia describes aversion and the resulting discrimination against transgender or transsexual people.
The misogyny is the aversion to women in general or specific forms of femininity, often those that are not under the "current cultural acceptance categories" of the social role of femininity fall. Misandry describes the aversion to men and virility . Misogyny and misandry are considered sexism.
In the extreme form of the queer theory - and also rarely in the case of bisexual and homosexual women and men who are not consciously arrested in this theory - everything that corresponds to heteronormativity is in principle questioned, and sometimes the other is shown as absolutely superior. Then one can speak of heterophobia , but this rarely occurs in a pronounced form. Even a lack of understanding and an aversion from bad experience towards people who live firmly in the social norm and who do not understand you can be perceived as heterophobia, but need not correspond to it.
Overview of forms of defense against sub-areas of sexual identity |
||||||
Ideology / worldview | Defense form | Aversion to animosity towards | Identity form | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heteronormativity | Heterosexism | not heteronormatives | Social norm ( hetero ) | |||
Bi- & homophobia | Bi- & homosexuals | Sexual orientation | ||||
Transphobia | Transgender | Gender identity | ||||
Feminism masculism |
Sexism : Misandry Sexism : Misogyny |
Men women |
Gender role | |||
Queer Theory Homosexuality |
Heterophobia | Heteronormativity |
See also
- Discrimination , xenology , Yogyakarta principles
- Structural discrimination , Allport scale , prejudice , stereotype , othering
- Gender identity , identification (psychology) , queer theory , sexism
- Established and outsiders (results of an empirical study)
literature
W. Heitmeyer (Ed.):
- German conditions. Episode 1 , Suhrkamp, Frankfurt a. M. 2002, ISBN 3518122908
- German conditions. Episode 2 , Suhrkamp, Frankfurt a. M. 2004, ISBN 3518123327
- German conditions. Episode 3 , Suhrkamp, Frankfurt a. M. 2005, ISBN 3518123882
- German conditions. Episode 4 , Suhrkamp, Frankfurt a. M. 2006, ISBN 3518124544
- German conditions. Episode 5 , Suhrkamp, Frankfurt a. M. 2007, ISBN 3518124846
- German conditions. Episode 6 , Suhrkamp, Frankfurt a. M. 2007, ISBN 3518125257
Albert Memmi:
- Racism , Europ. Publishing house, Hamburg, 1992. ISBN 3434460969
Web links
- Veronika Fischer: Living with Others . Introductory lecture for the DIE-Forum Further Education 2000 "Future fields of further education"
- Verena Krone: Identity, Multiculturalism and Constructivism . Diploma thesis in educational science, University of Cologne, 2000 (PDF file; 652 kB)
- "Hate groups" in German society . A quantitative study of xenophobia and heterophobia by the research community for conflict and social studies (FOKUS e.V.), 2003 ( Memento from September 11, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 196 kB)
- Hostile normality, DIE ZEIT of December 11, 2003, number 51 by Wilhelm Heitmeyer
Individual evidence
- ^ Albert Memmi: Racism . European Publishing House, Hamburg 1992, ISBN 978-3-434-46096-1 , p. 124.
- ^ Jutta Hartmann, Christian Klesse, Peter Wagenknecht: Heteronormativity. Empirical Studies on Gender, Sexuality and Power . Vs Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-531-14611-9 , p. 294.
- ↑ Julia Serano : Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity . Seal Press 2007, ISBN 978-1-58005-154-5 , p. 12.