Historic sites of Baekje

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Historic sites of Baekje
UNESCO world heritage UNESCO World Heritage Emblem
Buyeo 198.JPG
Entrance gate to the Busosanseong Fortress
National territory: Korea SouthSouth Korea South Korea
Type: Culture
Criteria : (ii) (iii)
Reference No .: 1477
UNESCO region : Asia and Pacific
History of enrollment
Enrollment: 2015  ( session 39 )

Baekje Historic Sites is a UNESCO- listed World Heritage Site in the East Asian state of South Korea . The world heritage site comprises eight areas in the southwest of the Korean peninsula . In terms of cultural history, these sites can be assigned to the period AD 475 to 660 and thus date from the late period of the Kingdom of Baekje ( 백제 )

background

The Kingdom of Baekje was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea . According to legend, it was founded in 18 BC. Founded in the area of ​​today's Seoul . However, it was probably not a centralized kingdom until the late 3rd century AD. At the height of its power in the 4th and 5th centuries it ruled a large part of the west of the Korean peninsula and extended north to the region around Pyongyang up. When Baekje's northern neighbor, Goguryeo, advanced south and conquered the former capital, Hanseong , Ungjin, now Gongju , became the new capital of the kingdom. Due to the unfavorable location of this city, it was replaced in 538 by Sabi, today's Buyeo-eup . In the 7th century Iri, today's Iksan, was added as the second capital of the kingdom. In 660 AD, Baekje was conquered by its eastern neighbor, Silla .

enrollment

Historical sites of Baekje were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a cultural heritage site in 2015 based on a decision of the 39th session of the World Heritage Committee.

The reason for the entry states, among other things:

The remains of three capitals collectively represent the later period of the Baekje Kingdom, when it reached its peak in cultural development, which was accompanied by frequent communication with neighboring regions. … Together, these systems testify to Baekje's adoption of Chinese principles of urban planning, construction technology, art and religion; their refinement by Baekje and their subsequent expansion to Japan and East Asia.

The entry was made on the basis of criteria (ii) and (iii).

(ii): The archaeological sites and architecture of the historical sites of Baekje show the exchange between the ancient East Asian kingdoms in Korea, China and Japan in the development of construction techniques and the spread of Buddhism.

(iii): The layout of the capitals, Buddhist temples and tombs, architectural features and stone pagodas of the historical sites of Baekje help to form an exceptional testimony to the unique culture, religion and art of the Baekje Empire.

scope

The world heritage site is made up of eight separate areas. These cover a total of 135.1 ha of protection . The individual protection areas are each surrounded by buffer zones, which have a total area of ​​303.64 hectares.

The eight areas are located in the mountainous mid-west region of South Korea. Two of the historical sites, Gongsanseong Fortress and Songsan-ri Royal Tombs are located in Gongju City in Chungcheongnam-do Province . Another four, namely the archaeological site of Gwanbuk-ri with the fortress Busosanseong , the temple complex of Jeongnimsa , the royal tombs of Neungsan-ri and the city ​​wall of Naseong , are located in the small town of Buyeo-eup in the district of Buyeo-gun , which is also in Chungcheongnam-do Province. The Wanggung-ri Archaeological Site and the Mireuksa Temple Complex are located in the city of Iksan , which is now part of Jeollabuk-do Province .

Ref.No. designation built location Protection area Buffer zone Historic place image
1477-001 Gongsanseong Fortress after 475 Gongju
Chungcheongnam-do
( geographic coordinates )		 20.31 hectares 21.02 hectares No. 12 (January 1963) Buildings and pond in Gongsanseong Fortress
more pictures
1477-002 The royal tombs of Songsan-ri after 475 Gongju
Chungcheongnam-do
( geographic coordinates )		 1.63 ha 20.46 hectares No. 13 (January 1963) Entrance to Tomb No. 7 of King Muryeong in the Royal Tombs of Songsan-ri
more pictures
1477-003 Gwanbuk-ri Archaeological Site
and
Busosanseong Fortress 		after 538 Buyeo-eup / Buyeo-gun
Chungcheongnam-do
( geographic coordinates )		 60.60 ha 69.66 ha No. 428 (February 2001)
and
No. 5 (January 1963)		 Entrance gate to the Busosanseong Fortress
more pictures
1477-004 Jeongnimsa Temple Complex after 538 Buyeo-eup / Buyeo-gun
Chungcheongnam-do
( geographic coordinates )		 1.52 ha 6.57 ha No. 301 (March 1983) Stone pagoda of the former temple
more pictures
1477-005 Tombs of the Kings of Neungsan-ri after 538 Buyeo-eup / Buyeo-gun
Chungcheongnam-do
( geographic coordinates )		 2.10 hectares 26.50 ha No. 14 (January 1963) Tombs of the Kings of Neungsan-ri
more pictures
1477-006 Naseong City Wall before 538 Buyeo-eup / Buyeo-gun
Chungcheongnam-do
( geographic coordinates )		 24.52 ha 93.17 ha No. 58 (January 1963)
1477-007 Wanggung-ri archaeological site after 600 Iksan
Jeollabuk-do
( geographic coordinates )		 12.35 hectares 12.50 ha No. 408 (September 1998) Stone Pagoda in Wanggung-ri
more pictures
1477-008 Mireuksa temple complex after 600 Iksan
Jeollabuk-do
( geographic coordinates )		 12.07 hectares 53.76 ha No. 150 (June 1966) East pagoda of the Mireuksa temple complex
more pictures

The individual cultural sites

Gongsanseong Fortress

The Gongsanseong Fortress was built on the Geumgang River around two 110  m high small mountains in AD 475 in the Ungjin period and used as a royal palace and a mountain fortress. The fortress was originally called Ungjinseong and served temporarily as the seat of government for 64 years after the lost war against Goguryeo in AD 475, when Baekje's capital Hanseong fell into the hands of the enemy and Ungjin , now Gongju, became the new capital.

The fortress has been listed as a culturally significant facility and historical site number 12 since January 1963.

The royal tombs of Songsan-ri

The Kingsan-ri Royal Tombs, which include seven tombs, are less than 1 km west of Gongsanseong Fortress on a 75 m high wooded hill. The first excavations began in 1927, although the grave of King Muryeong , the 25th ruler of the Baekje Kingdom, was discovered by accident in 1971.

The tombs were placed under monument protection by the South Korean government in January 1963 as the 13th culturally significant site.

Gwanbuk-ri Archaeological Site and Busosanseong Fortress

The archaeological site of Gwanbuk-ri and the Busosanseong Fortress are north of downtown Buyeo on the Geumgang River. The royal palace of the Sabi period was located there . From 1982 to 2012, 14 excavations took place at the place where the palace stood. The foundations of large buildings, a former pond and streets, as well as underground storage facilities made of stone and wood were discovered. Between 1980 and 2002, 15 excavations were carried out on the area of ​​the former fortress. They brought up fortress walls, the place of an entrance gate, building floor plans and various masonry.

The fortress was registered in January 1963 as a historical place with the serial number 5, in 2001 the archaeological site followed with the number 428.

Jeongnimsa Temple Complex

The Jeongnimsa temple complex is also located in Buyeo. The complex included the prayer hall, the hall for lectures, the dormitory for the monks and the western and eastern side buildings, as well as an entrance and a stone pagoda in front of the prayer hall. Among the Buddhist temples of Baekje, the Jeongnimsa Temple is one of the most important of its kind and is classified as a temple of national importance for the kingdom of that time. The first intensive research into the system began in 1935.

The entire complex of the former temple was registered on March 26, 1983 as a historical site under the number 301.

Tombs of the Kings of Neungsan-ri

The royal tombs of Neungsan-ri are located east of the city walls of Naseong and the city center of Buyeo, on the southern flank of a 121  m high hill. The seven burial mounds visible on the surface are laid out in the shape of a triangle. The first archaeological excavations were carried out in 1915, but the graves had already been emptied by grave robbers. In the 1990s, to the west of the graves, a gold-colored bronze incense burner, which could be dated to the year 567 AD, was found. What is interesting about these graves are the ceiling structures and the wall paintings in one of the graves.

In January 1963, the burial grounds were placed under monument protection by the South Korean government as the 14th culturally significant site.

Naseong City Wall

The city wall of Naseong is located east of the city center of Buyeo and extends in north-south direction over a length of 6.3 km. The wall was built to defend what was then the capital of the Kingdom of Baekje, but also had the purpose of separating the inner part of the capital from the outer part. It is believed that the city wall was built before 538 AD, the year when Sabi , now Buyeo, became the capital of the Kingdom of Baekje.

The city wall was placed under monument protection in January 1963 with the registration number 58 as a culturally significant place of national importance in South Korea.

Wanggung-ri archaeological site

The archaeological site of Wanggung-ri, located in the city of Iksan, together with the Mireuksa temple complex, is said to provide evidence that in the late Baekje period under King Mu Baekje had a second capital. Archaeological excavations first took place in 1976 and lasted over three decades. 36 building units and a garden could be exposed. The complex was originally planned and laid out as a royal palace, but was used as a Buddhist temple complex from the 7th century.

The archaeological site was listed as a culturally significant site of national importance in South Korea in September 1998 with registration number 408

Mireuksa temple complex

The Mireuksa temple complex is 430  m high in the Mireuksan Mountains and is currently considered the largest temple complex in East Asia. Archaeological excavations began in 1974 and lasted 23 years. The complex was built in the early 7th century under King Mu and destroyed between 1592 and 1598 during the Japanese invasion .

The entire site of the former temple complex was registered as historical site number 150 in June 1966.

literature

  • Republic of Korea (Ed.): Nomination of Baekje Historic Areas . For Inscription on the World Heritage List . Seoul 2015, ISBN 978-89-299-0345-9 (English, online [PDF; 323.0 MB ; accessed on September 12, 2015]).

Web links

Commons : Baekje Historic Areas  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Baekje historic areas to be listed on UNESCO World Heritage list . Korea Tourism Organization , 2015, accessed September 12, 2015 .
  2. ↑ a b c d Baekje Historic Areas. In: whc.unesco.org. UNESCO World Heritage Center, accessed February 2, 2017 .
  3. ↑ Decision - 39 COM 8B.16. In: whc.unesco.org. UNESCO World Heritage Center, 2015, accessed February 2, 2017 .
  4. ↑ Baekje Historic Areas. Maps. In: whc.unesco.org. UNESCO World Heritage Center, accessed February 2, 2017 .
  5. ↑ Nomination of Baekje Historic Areas . Seoul 2015, p.  44 ( Listed on the basis of the Cultural Heritage Protection Act of South Korea).
  6. ↑ Nomination of Baekje Historic Areas . Seoul 2015, p.  47 .
  7. ↑ a b Nomination of Baekje Historic Areas . Seoul 2015, p.  13 .
  8. ↑ a b Nomination of Baekje Historic Areas . Seoul 2015, p.  45 .
  9. ^ New History of Korea . In: The Academy of Korean Studies (Ed.): Koren Studies Series No. 30 . Jemoodang , Paju-si 2005, ISBN 89-88095-85-5 (English).
  10. ↑ Yi Hyeon-suk: Gongsanseong Fortress in Gongju - Secrets of 1,400-year-old Lacquered Armor . Journal of Korean Archeology , archived from the original on September 16, 2015 ; accessed on April 15, 2018 (English, original website no longer available).
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g Nomination of Baekje Historic Areas . Seoul 2015, p.  134 .
  12. ↑ Nomination of Baekje Historic Areas . Seoul 2015, p.  50 .
  13. ↑ Nomination of Baekje Historic Areas . Seoul 2015, p.  54 .
  14. ↑ a b Nomination of Baekje Historic Areas . Seoul 2015, p.  140 .
  15. ↑ Nomination of Baekje Historic Areas . Seoul 2015, p.  61 .
  16. ↑ Nomination of Baekje Historic Areas . Seoul 2015, p.  119 .
  17. ↑ Nomination of Baekje Historic Areas . Seoul 2015, p.  64 f .
  18. ↑ Nomination of Baekje Historic Areas . Seoul 2015, p.  66 .
  19. ↑ Nomination of Baekje Historic Areas . Seoul 2015, p.  85 .
  20. ↑ Nomination of Baekje Historic Areas . Seoul 2015, p.  69-74 .
  21. ↑ Nomination of Baekje Historic Areas . Seoul 2015, p.  75 f .