Hołdunów
Hołdunów (German Anhalt OS ) is a district of the small Polish town of Lędziny (Dt. Lendzin) in the Silesian Voivodeship . At the end of 2013, there were 5,450 people in Hołdunów.
geography
Hołdunów is about 16 km south of Katowice and seven km north of Bieruń .
history
In the late 13th century, a German language island emerged in the Silesian foothills , including Seibersdorf (Polish: Kozy ).
Through the Reformation and Counter-Reformation , the Seibersdorfer were a "plaything" of the respective noble rulers and their denomination or inclination. However, in the course of time - and beyond the Thirty Years' War - an evangelical community has developed that lived and preserved its faith against all threats and oppression.
At the beginning of the 18th century Seibersdorf belonged to the rulership of a Polish Catholic nobleman who persecuted the heretics and had them subjected to reprisals. The evangelicals were no longer allowed to practice their faith. In the middle of the 18th century, members of the community fled across the river Vistula to nearby Silesia , which had become Prussian (i.e. mostly Reformed or Protestant) after the war of 1740/42 between Frederick the Great and Austria. Frederick the Great was enlightened and tolerant in matters of faith and, for economic reasons, had a great interest in the influx of craftsmen and especially weavers.
It is historically documented that a delegation of the Seibersdorfer, led by the 54-year-old Vogt Johann Mansel (born ~ 1716, by profession farmer, linen weaver and shoemaker), over the then chaplain "Gottlieb Schleiermacher (1727-1794)" (who later became the first pastor of Anhalt) made contact with royal officials in the Prussian town of Pless and made several personal representations to organize the regulated escape of an entire village from Polish territory to Prussia. This plan was bold and unique for the time; The Prussians initially found the idea of organized mass exodus difficult and feared diplomatic difficulties with Poland. The Seibersdorfer demanded, among other things, escort protection from the army, limited tax and military service exemption as well as their own land and building materials for houses.
On May 2, 1770, Frederick the Great issued a written order to the cavalry general Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Seydlitz-Kurzbach to send a military command as escort to Seibersdorf. General von Seydlitz put a mounted Prussian hussar squadron (led by Lieutenant Georg von Woyrsch) on the march, which crossed the border river Vistula with several carts, reached the Polish Seibersdorf on the night of May 24, 1770 and 64 families (including 51 weavers) escorted his belongings (including cattle) safely to Lendzin in the Principality of Pless .
The 64 families (303 people) reached their new home on Urbanustag , May 25, 1770, which is about 45 km northwest of Seibersdorf. An old, large sheepfold (within sight of Lendzin), which belonged to Prince Friedrich Erdmann von Anhalt-Köthen-Pleß , was the first residence of the Seibersdorfer. This mass flight immediately led to diplomatic entanglements between Poland and Prussia - diplomatic notes from the Polish king to the Prussian king can be found in the Prussian state archives - which ultimately ended with no results because the Polish state was paralyzed by internal unrest and finally fell apart.
At the beginning of September 1770, Frederick the Great granted a delegation from Anhalt a brief audience in Neustadt, Upper Silesia, where he stayed briefly to change horses on his journey from Moravia to Breslau. For the 64 families, several semi-detached houses were built between May 1770 and the end of 1774 with a common entrance on both sides of a wide street, thus establishing the village of Anhalt. In 1802 the daughter settlement Alt Gatsch (Stara Gać) was established, in 1820 Neu Gatsch (Nowa Gać) followed. The Anhalt-Gatsch colony consisted of the 4 sub-locations Alt-Anhalt (Stary Hołdunów), New-Anhalt (Nowy Hołdunów), Gatsch (Gać) and Rathhaus (Ratusz).
The development of Anhalt was very slow and dragged on over several years. The building quality of the quickly erected houses was catastrophic, the first wood and clay houses cracked because of the looms in operation and had to be repaired and supported. Later massive houses were damp and moldy because the delivered limestone attracted the moisture. As early as 1810, 3 dilapidated stables collapsed in Neu-Anhalt.
In addition to weaving, most of the hitchhikers had their own part-time farming and referred to themselves as colonists.
After the Anhalter Weber initially flourished, Napoleon plunged all of Europe into a major economic crisis at the beginning of the 19th century (among other things, the continental blockade imposed on England and the beginning of industrialization brought the textile industry to an almost complete standstill), which also hit Anhalt. As a result, the hitchhikers gradually oriented themselves towards trades, becoming workers in the coal mines that were being built or civil servants, soldiers and other state employees.
On June 21, 1819, the Prussian Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm IV. Visited the community of Anhalt and became the godfather of the youngest daughter of Pastor Karl Wunster, who was baptized on that day. The girl was christened Friederike in honor of the Crown Prince.
Anhalt was a German-Protestant language island that was surrounded all around by Catholic Poland. In 1885 568 people lived in the village and colony of Anhalt, which belonged to the Pleß district in Upper Silesia .
After the First World War , there were uprisings in the area by Polish rioters who wanted to drive the Germans out. In the course of the uprisings in Upper Silesia , a total of 14 houses in Anhalt were burned down on August 20, 1920 (only a few months after the 150th anniversary celebrations). Despite the referendum in Silesia in favor of Germany, large parts of Silesia (including Anhalt) were granted to the re-established state of Poland by the Versailles Treaty. H. from 1920 to 1939 the Protestant German Anhalt became “Polish”. In 1939 the community of Anhalt OS had 1,449 inhabitants.
When German army units of the 5th Panzer Division under Lieutenant General Heinrich von Vietinghoff marched into Anhalt in the first days of the Second World War , they were surprised to find a German village. In Anhalt there was a forced labor camp for Jews between 1940 and 1943, the prisoners were at the Lenz u. Co. used. In the years 1944–1945 there was a satellite camp of the Auschwitz concentration camp in Lendzin, which housed Russian and Italian slave laborers who also had to work in the fields and in the coal mine in Anhalt.
In March 1944, Lieutenant Colonel von Woyrsch, a great-grandson of the hussar lieutenant Georg von Woyrsch, who secured the settlers' trek from Seibersdorf to Prussia in 1770, visited the village of Anhalt and showed Pastor Gustav Uibel the original of the marching orders from his great-grandfather, which he sent in the library of the manor house of the von Woyrsch family in Pilsnitz near Breslau was found.
On January 23, 1945 the refugee movement began. A trek with about 20 carts left the village in a temperature of 20 degrees. They came to Pless, where the Wehrmacht took their horses away from them. From there the escape continued by train. The Red Army entered Anhalt on January 26, 1945 without a fight. The few remaining Germans were finally expelled, apart from two families who stubbornly refused. This ended the almost 175-year-old 'German-Evangelical' history of Anhalt in the spring of 1945.
In November 1945 Lędziny, Hołdunów and Smardzowice were combined to form the municipality of Lędziny, Gać was incorporated into Imielin . Between 1951 and 1954, the Lędziny commune was called Hołdunów commune.
Religion and pastors
Until 1945, the community of Anhalt-Gatsch was almost exclusively Protestant-Reformed; Of the total of 64 settler families, only one family belonged to the Catholic faith. The Protestant parish belonged from 1817 to 1923 as from 1939 to 1945 to the ecclesiastical province of Silesia and in between to the Uniate Evangelical Church in Polish Upper Silesia . From the founding of the place (1770) to the expulsion of the German residents after the Second World War, the congregation was accompanied by 13 pastors:
- 1779–1794: Gottlieb Schleyermacher
- 1795–1815: Johann Samuel Richter
- 1816–1820: Karl Wunster
- 1825–1829: Ferdinand Hachtmann
- 1830–1859: Carl Friedrich Beer
- 1860–1861: Heinrich Gideon Bernstein
- 1861-1884: Joseph Weywara
- 1885–1889: Carl Hermann Weiß
- 1889–1905: Carl Sieber
- 1905–1911: Kurt Breitkopf
- 1911–1920: Gustaf Adolf Treutler
- 1921–1933: Andreas Wackwitz
- 1933–1945: Gustav Uibel
literature
- Urbanus (1770–1970) - Special print from the yearbook 49/1970 for Silesian Church History by Andreas Wackwitz [Verlag "Unser Weg" Düsseldorf]
- The historical development of the German language island Anhalt-Gatsch in Upper Silesia by Andreas Wackwitz, Pastor of Anhalt.
- An invisible land, family novel by Stephan Wackwitz [Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag Frankfurt, 2005]
- The ride to the Vistula, a story about the first trek from Poland in 1770 by Alfons Hayduk [Dt. Volksverlag Munich, 1941]
- History of the German language island Bielitz (Silesia) by Walter Kuhn [Holzner Verlag Würzburg, 1981]
- The establishment of the reformed agricultural and weaving colony in Anhalt in Upper Silesia Dissertation by Joseph Grabisch (May 1919)
- Upper Silesia as it appears in the world of legends by Carl Wunster (Liegnitz 1825)
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from May 27, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ (Correspondence on the plan and the marching orders were in the Prussian State Archives in Berlin / Dahlem in the 1930s)
- ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. sch_pless.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ http://cybercity.de/scripts/CC.dll?T=KBA:KBAresult&F=KBA&action=mainlist&ref_id=15260
- ↑ http://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&id=54
- ↑ http://www.tenhumbergreinhard.de/1933-1945-lager-1/1933-1945-lager-h/holdunow-anhalt-firma-lenz-u-co.html
