High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle
| HMMWV type M998 | |
|---|---|
HMMWV in difficult terrain in Afghanistan |
|
| General properties | |
| crew | 1 driver, 1 passenger, 8 passengers or cargo |
| length | 4.57 m |
| width | 2.16 m |
| height | 1.83 m with tarpaulin, without tarpaulin 1.37 m |
| Dimensions | 2361 kg |
| agility | |
| drive | 6.2 l diesel 112 kW at 3600 rpm |
| Top speed | Street max. 113 km / h; Terrain max. 40 km / h; Average 50 km / h |
| Power / weight | |
| Range | 560 km (350 miles ) of road |
The High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle ( HMMWV for short , mostly called the Humvee for the sake of simplicity ) is an all-terrain vehicle that was developed as the successor to the M151 for the US Army and has been in various versions since 1985 by the US manufacturer AM General is produced.
General
On March 22, 1983, the US Army signed a $ 1.2 billion contract with AM General for the delivery of 55,000 units of the HMMWV in 15 different versions, after this vehicle was tendered in the 1970s was able to prevail against the Lamborghini LM002 . The US Army finally ordered 70,000 pieces, increasing the order volume to 1.6 billion US dollars. This was the largest contract ever signed by the US Army for the delivery of military wheeled vehicles. In 2007 the US Marine Corps owned around 20,000 Humvees and the US Army more than 120,000.
The name of the US Army is M998 Series. It is a four-wheel drive multi-purpose vehicle with a payload of 1.25 tons. The Humvee is versatile and has high mobility and speed. It replaced a number of outdated light transport vehicles, such as the M151 MUTT , the Dodge M880 pick-ups , as well as the M561 Gama Goat and M274 Mule .
The HMMWV were tested by the US Army under the most demanding conditions, such as combat conditions in the most difficult terrain, over rocky hills, through 1.50 m deep water, in deep desert sand, as well as in arctic cold.
To save weight, u. a. the drive shafts are reduced in diameter. In order to be able to transmit the same power as with conventional shafts, the speed of the shafts was approximately doubled in order to be able to halve the torque accordingly. In order to reduce this speed difference on the wheel again, countershaft gears were installed on each wheel , which at the same time made it possible to increase the ground clearance. This design is called the portal axis . A Humvee has a ground clearance of 45 cm (axle center). (Portal axles have long been used on the VW 181 Kübelwagen , the Unimog , the Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer and Haflinger and Volvo C303 Laplander.)
AM General is building the vehicle in Mishawaka , Indiana . O'Gara Hess & Eisenhardt builds the armor for the M1113 and M1114 models .
In 2010, AM General delivered the last 2,600 Humvees to the US Army to meet their total needs of 150,000 vehicles. The Humvee's vulnerability to booby- trapped attacks in Afghanistan and Iraq accelerated the development and procurement of the MRAP , increasingly limiting the Humvee's range of duties to logistical operations.
The US Army is handing over decommissioned vehicles to various US police authorities in the context of Program 1033 . They then use the vehicle for special tasks.
Technical specifications
| Technical specifications | M998 A0 / A1 | M998 A2 |
|---|---|---|
| Length × width × height (without tarpaulin) | 4.57 m × 2.16 m × 1.83 m (1.37 m) | |
| Empty mass | 2361 kg (5200 lb) | |
| payload | 1135 kg (2500 lb) | |
| Maximum permissible total mass | 3496 kg (7700 lb) | |
| engine | Detroit Diesel 6.2 L V8 diesel engine | 6.5 L V8 Detroit Diesel ( AM General Optimizer 6500 ) diesel engine |
| Valve control | OHV , one inlet and one outlet valve per cylinder | |
| Charging | none ( free suction ) | an exhaust gas turbocharger |
| Mixture formation | Pre-chamber injection , distributor injection pump Stanadyne DB2 | |
| Bore × stroke | 101.1 mm × 96.5 mm (3.98 in × 3.80 in) | 103.1 mm × 97.0 mm (4.06 in × 3.82 in) |
| Displacement | 6198 cm³ (378 in³) | 6483 cm³ (396 in³) |
| rated capacity | 138 kW (185 hp) at 3600 rpm | 142 kW (190 hp) at 3400 rpm |
| Maximum torque | 447 N m (330 lb ft) at 2100 rpm | 515 N m (380 lb ft) at 1700 rpm |
| Compression ratio | 21.5: 1 | 20.3: 1 |
| Fuel consumption | 20–50 l per 100 km | |
| tank | two tanks with a total capacity of 163 liters (43 American liquid gallons) | |
| Transmission and translation | 3-stage automatic THM400 (3L80) 1st stage: 2.48: 1; 2nd stage: 2.08: 1; 3rd level: 1.00: 1 |
4-stage automatic 4L80e 1st stage: 3.06: 1; 2nd stage: 1.62: 1; 3rd stage: 1.00: 1; 4th level: 0.75: 1 |
| Power transmission | permanent all-wheel drive ; Power distribution front / rear: 50:50; Manually lockable central differential | |
| acceleration | 0-48 km / h in 7 seconds; 0–80 km / h in 20 seconds | |
| speed | Street max. 113 km / h; Terrain max. 40 km / h; Average 50 km / h | |
| crew | 1 driver; 1 to 9 passengers depending on the structure | |
| Construction types | Tarpaulin, 4 doors, maxi / mini ambulance, hatchback, shelter (type change possible) | |
| Off-road capability | Ground clearance: 41 cm; Water depth 0.75 m; with deep water fording kit 1.50 m
Gradeability: 60% max. (31 °); lateral tipping safety 40% max. (22 °) |
|
| Turning radius | 7.32 m | |
| wheel and tires | 37 x 12.5 R 16.5 LT; Steel wheels | |
| Brakes | 4 × disc brakes | |
| Range | 542 km | |
| source | ||
flexibility
A required design goal was the high level of standardization and interchangeability of the individual parts within the vehicle fleet. At the beginning, the 15 different vehicle types had the same engine, the same chassis and the same drive train. This meant a simplification in spare parts logistics , savings in maintenance and in the training of mechanics. The individual types are now available in several versions (A1, A2); and not least due to the introduction of the armored version (XM1114), the unrestricted interchangeability of the spare parts could no longer be guaranteed.
Armored version
The original specification of the HMMWV results from the military doctrines of the Cold War , which required high mobility and range with low weight, which is why armor was largely dispensed with. The lack of armor, however, goes against the requirements of asymmetrical warfare and makes the Humvee an easy target for ambushes.
The XM1113 was a protected vehicle that was built by O'Gara Hess & Eisenhardt (from 2005 The Centigon Company ) on the basis of the M996 and was first delivered to the US military police in Bosnia in 1997 in the experimental stage (X stage) . Since the basic structure of the suspension, the drive train and the body was retained and not adapted to the additional weight caused by the armor, the car was very susceptible to repair. Reliability only improved with the introduction of the M1114 model . The original XM1113 were and will be converted to the M1114 with a retrofit kit .
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The XM1113 and its successor, the M1114, give much cause for criticism. The main points of criticism are, on the one hand, the vertical arrangement of all external surfaces and the relatively large footprint of the vehicle. This leads to maximum effectiveness of explosive devices and mines and is dictated by the design of the basic vehicle, which was not planned for asymmetrical warfare. Subsequent additional armor can only help to a limited extent. The armor protects the engine compartment and the crew from explosives containing up to 4 kg of explosives. The windshield can fire from 7.62mm NATO-AP ( " Armor Piercing " armor-piercing ) resist. Despite additional armor, the design-related disadvantages compared to mines and IEDs , but also booby traps , do not change . The protection of the occupants still needs to be improved.
For this reason, the US Army is pushing the introduction of MRAP vehicles. The United States Department of Defense decided to replace all HMMWVs with the new MRAPs. By the end of 2008, the US Army's need for MRAPs in Iraq should have been fully met. So far, 63 percent of all human losses in Iraq have been caused by IEDs . The MRAPs can help protect soldiers and reduce the losses caused by IEDs, but are not yet available in sufficient numbers so that the HMMWV is still in service.
Aircraft loading capacities
Three Humvee can be carried in a C-130 Hercules transport aircraft , six can be carried in the C-141 Starlifter and fifteen in the C-5 Galaxy . Two M998s can be transported under a CH-47 Chinook or a CH-53 transport helicopter, and one under the UH-60 Black Hawk . The Humvee (with the exception of the M997A2) can be dropped in combat with a special pallet.
Ship loading capacities
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Humvees can be stacked. It is possible to stack up to three Humvees on top of each other in order to utilize the loading capacity on vans.
Type overview
- M966 TOW Missile Carrier Basic Armor ( NSN 2320-01-107-7153 - Price: $ 47,069)
- M996 Mini Ambulance
- M997 Maxi Ambulance - C3I
- M998 Cargo Troop Carrier Base Type (NSN 2310-01-111-2275 - Price: $ 49,357)
- M1025 Armament Carrier Basic Armor (NSN 2320-01-128-9551 - Price: $ 38,496)
- M1026 Armament Carrier Basic Armor (NSN 2320-01-128-9552 - Price: $ 39,518)
- M1035 Soft Top (Ambulance)
- M1036 Mini Ambulance
- M1037 S 250 Shelter Carrier (NSN 2320-01-146-7193 - Price: $ 36,932)
- M1038 Cargo Troop Carrier Base Type (NSN 2320-01-107-7156 - Price: $ 34,461)
- M1042 S 250 Shelter Carrier
- M1043 Armament Carrier W. Supplement Armor
- M1044 Armament Carrier W. Supplement Armor
- M1045 TOW Missile Carrier W. Supp. Armor
- M1046 TOW Missile Carrier W. Supp. Armor
- M1069 Prime Mover (NSN 2320-01-234-0497 - Price: $ 35,000)
- M1097 Cargo Troop Carrier (NSN 2320-01-346-9317 - Price: $ 35,209)
- M1097 Avenger - mobile air defense system
- M1109 armored
- M1113 Expanded Capacity Vehicle (ECV) (NSN 2320-01-412-0143 - Price: $ 61,042)
- M1114 Up Armored HMMWV (NSN 2320-01-413-3739 - Price: $ 146,844)
- M1116 armored
In the meantime, some of the above-mentioned HMMWV versions A1 and A2 are supplied in an improved version.
economics
In 1983 the US Army ordered 55,000 HMMWV for $ 1.2 billion, which corresponds to about $ 21,820 (approx. € 16,000) per vehicle. In 2010, the price for an unarmored vehicle was around $ 65,000 and the armored version was $ 140,000. However, the armored version's lifespan is only about half that, and the vehicle needs to be repaired much more frequently, as the Humvee was not originally designed to take the extra weight of the armor.
The initially required ease of maintenance was never achieved and is still a problem for the US Army. An example of the lack of maintenance friendliness is the replacement of the motor, which takes about 37 hours for the HMMWV. The so-called maintenance ratio is around 0.25 for the M998 series and even 0.313 for the M1113 ECVs. This means that the vehicles are not operational for a quarter or a third of the time. For comparison: modern cars have a maintenance ratio of 0.01 to 0.001, i.e. they are ready to drive 99% to 99.9% of the time. Due to the below-average reliability and complicated maintenance, the maintenance costs are unreasonably high, especially with the armored version. Another factor that contributes to this is the high fuel consumption of 17 liters of diesel per 100 km on the road, due to the size and weight of the vehicle; off-road consumption is sometimes significantly higher depending on the type of terrain.
Recap and successor
The US Army will be running a recap program over the next several years . The aim of this program is to completely revise HMMWVs with more than 15 years of operation and to carry out all MWOs (Modification Work Orders). This program is intended to extend the service life of the HMMWVs by around ten years and bridge the period up to the commissioning of a Future Tactical Truck System (FTTS) or Combat Tactical Vehicle (CTV) .
The successor to the Humvee will then be bigger, more powerful and more heavily armored than its predecessor. This expands the previous role of the Humvee as a universal utility vehicle in the direction of a combat vehicle. New HMMWVs have not been procured since 2012. In the short term, so-called MRAPs ( Mine Resistant Ambush Protected ) are used instead of HMMWVs for combat missions . Longer-term successor models run under the project name "JLTV" ( Joint Light Tactical Vehicle ).
Export version
In Europe , the HMMWV is used by the armies of Spain , Portugal , Greece , Luxembourg , Poland , Latvia and Denmark , among others . There is also a modified body version by the Swiss company MOWAG with the different designation Mowag Eagle . Other countries of operation include Israel and Lebanon .
Civil offshoots
Due to the steadily increasing public interest, including the coverage of the Gulf War , AM General launched a civil version of the M998 HMMWV in 1992, the Hummer H1 . This differed only in that the passenger cabin was 9 cm higher and the interior was somewhat less spartan. For example, leather seats and stereo systems were installed. All of the vehicle-specific equipment was still available in the first civilian models, including the CTIS tire pressure control system.
In 1999 the trademark rights were sold to General Motors . In the following years, GM expanded the Hummer product range with two SUV variants - the H2 and the H3 - and changed the product name of the original Hummer to H1 . Unlike the pure off-road vehicle H1 , the two SUVs are not based on the Humvee, but on SUVs from the GM range and only look like the military model. Nevertheless, they are designed to be more off-road than the basic models.
Since 2006 (H1) and 2010 (H2 and H3), no more lobsters have been produced for the civilian market.
literature
- Carl Schule: HMMWV: Workhorse of the US Army. ISBN 9789623616768 .
Web links
- Manufacturer homepage (English)
- HMMWV Technical Library (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Data on the Humvee
- ↑ a b Tom Vanden Brook: Article: Hulking, tough MRAP displaces Humvee , in: USA Today , March 22, 2010 (accessed June 15, 2011)
- ↑ https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/panzer-fuer-us-polizei-militaer-gibt-material-an-polizisten-a-975855.html
- ^ Arkansas police department loses Humvee for more than a week . In: Mail Online . ( dailymail.co.uk [accessed December 2, 2018]).
- ↑ Jon Swaine, Spencer Ackerman, Sabrina Siddiqui: Ferguson forced to return Humvees as US military gear still flows to local police. August 11, 2015, accessed December 2, 2018 .
- ↑ Headquarters, Departments of the Army (Ed.): TECHNICAL MANUAL TM 9-2320-280-24P-1 . March 2001.
- ↑ HMMWV Operators Manual
- ↑ O'Gara Hess & Eisenhardt / The Centigon Company Bloomberg Businessweek (accessed June 15, 2011)
- ^ More Attacks, Mounting Casualties , Washington Post
- ↑ High Cost of Humvees
- ↑ Carl Schule (reference)
- ↑ Kate Brannen: Army wants to redirect Humvee funding. Army Times, article January 27, 2011 (accessed June 15, 2011)