Hybogaster giganteus
| Hybogaster giganteus | ||||||||||||
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| Hybogasteraceae | ||||||||||||
| Jülich | ||||||||||||
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| Hybogaster | ||||||||||||
| Singer | ||||||||||||
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| Hybogaster giganteus | ||||||||||||
| Singer |
Hybogaster giganteus is a epigeic , ie above ground growing, stomach fungus from the order of Täublingsartigen (Russulales). For the taxon was R. Singer, the monotypischr genus Hybogaster monotypic and W. Jülisch family of Hybogasteraceae furnished. The fungus maintains a symbiotic or parasitic relationship with pseudo-beeches ( Nothofagus ) and has so far only been found in southern Chile. The systematic position of the rare fungus within the order is still controversial.
Characteristics of the genus and family
The belly mushrooms that grow above ground are truffle-like and lobed-lobed. They have a small, stem-like base and a thin outer shell ( peridia ). The fruiting body is more or less glabrous and dull orange in color. Sometimes the gleba chambers are visible through the thin outer shell so that the surface appears a bit pitted. All inner parts of the fruiting body excrete a whitish milk. The inside consists of a central, coral-like branched columella , which arises from the stem-like base. The branches of the columella are connected to the peridia with veins. In between are the numerous, small gleba chambers. The hyphae system consists of thick-walled, generative hyphae and sap hyphae ( laticifers ), which turn brown in sulfobenzaldehyde , true cystids are absent. The hymenium lines the gleba chambers and consists of the basidia and interspersed, branched hyphae . The basidia are club-shaped and usually 4-spore. The spherical to ellipsoidal and amyloid basidiospores are hyaline to pale yellowish. They are more or less symmetrical or have an eccentric apiculus . The spores are thick-walled and often have a noticeable, central oil droplet inside. The spore ornament consists of coarse, isolated, not too pointed spines.
Features of the species
The extremely large, about 13.5 cm wide and more or less isodiametric , truffle-shaped belly mushroom is more or less irregularly bifurcated at the apex and has an almost brain-like shape. Its base is pulled together like a stem and measures about 3 × 2 cm. A coral-like branching columella rises from the base. The thin peridum is about 1 mm thick. The surface is more or less bare and dull orange (a mixture of ocher yellow and brick red) in color. The gleba fills the space between the columeal branches with 0.2–0.3 mm wide gleba chambers. A lamellar structure cannot be seen. The gleba is ocher yellow to brownish in color and usually filled with spores when ripe. The branches of the columella, which are oriented diagonally upwards, run through the entire gleba and reach the peridia where, viewed from the outside, the humped elevations are. The context of the peridium and the columella, the stalk and the branches are white, firm-fleshy to tough and more or less unchangeable. All parts excrete an unchangeable, white milk that, like the sharp-tasting meat, smells of rancid fat. The hymenium consists of the clubbed, (25) 45–46 µm long and 7.5–8.8 µm wide basidia, which are usually 4-spore. In addition one finds interspersed, often somewhat forked hyphae ends. True cystids or pseudocystids are absent in the mature gleba. The hyphae of the columellar branches are often thick-walled and have walls about 1.5 µm thick. Sometimes they are almost filled. In addition, there are 5–9 µm wide laticifers, buckles seem to be missing. The spherical to broadly ellipsoidal, amyloid and ornamented spores measure 9.3–10.7 × 8.8–9.7 µm. They are hyaline or pale yellow in color. The spore ornament consists of isolated standing, 1.2-1.8 µm high and at the base up to 1.2 µm wide spines, which more or less taper towards the top.
Chemical reactions: The surface of the peridium and the trama turn deep purple in fresh specimens with KOH (10%).
Distribution and ecology
The mushroom has so far only been found in southern Chile and appears to be associated with false beeches. The fruit bodies found grew individually at the base of a living Nothofagus dombeyi tree in a mixed montane forest in the Cordillera Costera near Valdivia .
meaning
The rare mushroom is of no economic importance and its nutritional value is unknown.
etymology
The generic name Hybogaster is derived from the two ancient Greek words hybos (ὗβος) = "hump" and gaster (γαστήρ) = "belly" and is an allusion to the bulbous shape of the fruit body with its lobed, lobed bulges. The specific epithet gigantheus means "gigantic" and is an indication of the "gigantic" size of the fruiting bodies. The word is derived from Greek mythology. The giants were wild giants who, instigated by their mother Gaia , tried to storm Mount Olympus .
Systematics
R. Singer described the genus Hybogaster in 1964 as a gasteroid porling with amyloid basidiospores and even though the genus has often been mentioned in the literature since then, there is no more recent description of the extremely rare fungus apart from the original description. Therefore, the species has not yet been investigated in terms of molecular biology, so that its systematic classification is still unclear.
On the surface, Hybogaster resembles Zelleromyces and Arcangeliella (Russulaceae) but differs from the two genera in that it has 7 times larger fruiting bodies and its coral-like branched Columella. He also lacks spherocysts and club-shaped epicuticular cells . It also differs from Zelleromyces in its habitat ( epigeous at the base of a tree trunk), its smaller spores and the thick-walled columella hyphae, which give the fruiting body a tough to hard consistency. The general appearance - with the almost multifaceted fruiting structure, its color, the spore and hyphae morphology , as well as its habitat - strongly reminded R. Singer of the genus Bondarzewia . The question of whether the similarity is based on convergence or whether it is a real relationship was left open by Singer. For the time being, he placed the genus Hybogaster in the family of the heather truffle relatives (Hydnangiaceae).
When describing Hybogaster giganteus , R. Singer had already pointed out the macroscopic similarity to Bondarzewia guaitecasensis . This is probably one reason why W. Jülich introduced the new, monotypical family Hybogasteraceae for the genus in 1981 and put it together with the two families Amylariaceae and Bondarzewiaceae in his new order Bondarzewiales. Today all three families are placed in the order of the deaf-like. Within this order there are two families with the sheep pore relatives and the blubber relatives that have gasteroid representatives. In both cases these are mycorrhizal fungi. If Hybogaster, like Bondarzewia, has a parasitic way of life, this would speak for an independent line of development within the deaf-like species.
literature
- Paul F. Cannon, Paul M. Kirk: Fungal families of the world . CABI Europe, Wallingford, Oxfordshire (UK) 2007, ISBN 978-0-85199-827-5 , pp. 163 ( available online ).
- Rolf Singer: New genera of fungi - XII . Hybogaster. In: Sydowia . tape 17 , 1964, pp. 13–16 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ DJ Borror et al .: Dictionary of word roots and combining forms. Compiled from the Greek, Latin, and other languages, with special reference to biological terms and scientific names. Mayfield Publishing Company, 1960 ( online [PDF]). online ( Memento of the original from November 30, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Steven L. Miller et al .: Perspectives in the new Russulales . In: Mycological Society of America (Ed.): Mycologia . Vol. 98, No. 6 , 2006, p. 960-970 ( online [PDF]).
- ^ S. Redhead & L. Norvell: Notes on Bondarzewia, Heterobasidion and Pleurogala . In: Mycotaxon . tape 48 , 1993, pp. 371-380 .
