Snails

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Snails
Ivory snail (Hygrophorus eburneus)

Ivory snail ( Hygrophorus eburneus )

Systematics
Subdivision : Agaricomycotina
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Snail relatives (Hygrophoraceae)
Genre : Snails
Scientific name
Hygrophorus
Fr.

The snail ( Hygrophorus ) are a genus of mushrooms from the family of snail relatives . The name Hygrophorus is composed of hygro = moist and phorus = bearing, meaning moisture carrier . Among other things, this is an important characteristic of the snail.

The type species is the ivory snail ( H. eburneus ).

features

Macroscopic features

Snails are fleshy and medium-sized. With a few exceptions, the hat is greasy and slimy when wet. The mostly thick lamellas have a waxy consistency, are wide apart and run down a little on the stem. The spore powder is white in all species. The stem is smooth or finely grooved, rarely lobed or punctured. He can wear a ring in some species . The tip of the stem is never slimy. The colors are mostly cloudy and dull, except for pure white and bright yellow species.

Microscopic features

The lamellar trama is bilateral . The oval spores are smooth, have no germ pore and show no iodine color reaction .

ecology

The snails form mycorrhizae with deciduous and coniferous trees. All species of snail with the exception of the side-stemmed snail ( H. pleurotoides ) growing on rotten wood fructify on the ground. Because some species are frost-resistant or even need low temperatures to form fruiting bodies , the snails are dominant over other genera in winter. But you can find snails in every season.

species

Snaillings ( Hygrophorus ) in Europe 
German name Scientific name Author quote
Fragrant snail Hygrophorus agathosmus (Frieze 1815) Frieze 1838
Hygrophorus agathosmus f. aureofloccosus Bresadola 1928
Flour stick snail Hygrophorus arbustivus Frieze 1836
Black-fiber snail Hygrophorus atramentosus H. Haas & R. Haller Aarau 1978
Gold snail Hygrophorus aureus Arrhenius 1863
Brown oak snail Hygrophorus arbustivus var.  Quercetorum Bon & Chevassut 1985
Beautiful-leaved snail Hygrophorus calophyllus P. Karsten 1876
Gray-brown snail Hygrophorus camarophyllus (Albertini & Schweinitz 1805: Fries 1821) Dumée, Grandjean & Maire 1913
Wine red snail Hygrophorus capreolarius (Kalchbrenner 1874) Saccardo 1887
Flesh gray snail Hygrophorus carneogriseus Malençon 1971
Gold tooth snail Hygrophorus chrysodon
(described as " crysodon ") 		(Batsch 1789: Fries 1821) Fries 1838
Non-discoloring snail Hygrophorus cossus (Sowerby 1798) Frieze 1838
Brown-disc snail Hygrophorus discoideus (Persoon 1801: Frieze 1821) Frieze 1838
Discoloring snail Hygrophorus discoxanthus (Frieze 1815) Rea 1908
Ivory snail Hygrophorus eburneus (Bulliard 1782: Frieze 1821) Frieze 1836
Furious purple snail Hygrophorus erubescens (Frieze 1821: Frieze 1821) Frieze 1838
Flamingo snail Hygrophorus erubescens var.  Persicolor (Frieze 1821: Frieze 1821) Frieze 1838
Beech snail Hygrophorus fagi G. Becker & Bon 1974
Yellowish-disc snail Hygrophorus flavodiscus Frost 1884
Bitter purple snail Hygrophorus fragicolor Papetti 1992
Dark pine snail Hygrophorus fuscoalbus
(described as " fusco-albus ") 		(Lasch 1829: Fries 1832) Fries 1838
Slimy-ringed snail Hygrophorus gliocyclus Frieze 1861
Thick slimy birch snail Hygrophorus hedrychii (Velenovský 1920) K. Kult 1956
Hyacinth snail Hygrophorus hyacinthinus Quélet 1886
Frost snail Hygrophorus hypothejus (Frieze 1818: Frieze 1821) Frieze 1838
Crack fungus related snail Hygrophorus inocybiformis AH Smith 1944
Finnish snail Hygrophorus korhonenii Harmaja 1985
Large pine snail Hygrophorus latitabundus
(described as " latitabundes ") 		Britzelmayr 1899
Hare snail Hygrophorus leporinus Frieze 1838
Holm oak snail Hygrophorus leucophaeo-ilicis Bon & Chevassut 1985
Light-edged snail Hygrophorus lindtneri MM Moser 1967
Larch snail Hygrophorus lucorum Kalchbrenner 1874
Orange-yellow larch snail Hygrophorus lucorum var.  Speciosus (Peck 1878) Krieglsteiner 2000
March snail Hygrophorus marzuolus (Fries 1821: Fries 1821) Bresadola 1893
Apricot-leaved snail Hygrophorus melizeus (Frieze 1818: Frieze 1821) Frieze 1838
Gray-brown slime-stalk snail Hygrophorus mesotephrus Berkeley & Broome 1854
Grove Snail Hygrophorus nemoreus Frieze 1838
Adder-stalked snail Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus
(described as " olivaceo-albus ") 		(Frieze 1815: Frieze 1821) Frieze 1838
Hygrophorus pacificus AH Smith & Hesler 1939
Hygrophorus penarioides Jacobsson & E. Larsson 2007
Dry snail Hygrophorus penarius Frieze 1836
Hygrophorus penarius var.  Barbatulus (G. Becker 1954) Bon 1989
Olive-brown booted snail Hygrophorus persoonii Arnold's 1979
Spruce Snail Hygrophorus piceae Kühner 1949
Sidestalked snail Hygrophorus pleurotoides J. Favre 1960
Isabel-reddish snail Hygrophorus poetarum R. Heim 1948 ('1947')
Heavy snail Hygrophorus ponderatus Britzelmayr 1885
Pink-brown disc snail Hygrophorus pseudodiscoideus (May 1928) Malençon & Bertault 1975
Orange Snail Hygrophorus pudorinus (Frieze 1821: Frieze 1821) Frieze 1836
Veiled purple snail Hygrophorus purpurascens (Albertini & Schweinitz 1805: Frieze 1821) Frieze 1838
Black-dotted snail Hygrophorus pustulatus (Persoon 1801: Frieze 1821) Frieze 1838
Red-scaled snail Hygrophorus queletii Bresadola 1881
Pink-brown snail Hygrophorus roseodiscoideus Bon & Chevassut 1985
Spotted purple snail Hygrophorus russula (Schaeffer 1774: Fries 1821) Quélet 1886
Wax yellow snail Hygrophorus secretanii Henning 1886
Felling Snail Hygrophorus subviscifer (P. Karsten 1878) Harmaja 1985
Ash gray snail Hygrophorus tephroleucus (Persoon 1801: Frieze 1821) Frieze 1838
Orange Fallow Snail Hygrophorus unicolor Groeger 1980

Systematics

The genus is mainly distributed in the temperate and boreal zone of the Holarctic and includes around 80 to 100 species worldwide, around 50 of which are found in Europe. The snail Hygrophorus subgen. Limacium are divided into the following sections:

Systematics of the snail
  • Section Discoidei (Bataille) Konrad & Maublanc
Hat whitish, gray-yellow to flesh-colored towards the edge and pale brownish to rust-brown towards the center. The stem has no cortina.
  • Section Fulventes ( Fr. ) Bon
With yellow-brown, red-brown or pink colors, a dry handle and a barely greasy hat. The lamellas and the flesh are whitish. The pigment is predominantly vacuolar.
  • Flour-stick snail - Hygrophorus arbustivus Fries 1836
  • Hygrophorus section
Species with a slimy stalk, but without a ring or ring zone.
  • Chrysodontini Singer subsection
The hat is dry (at least in old age). The edge is dotted with grainy yellow.
  • Gold-tooth snail - Hygrophorus chrysodon (Batsch 1789: Fries 1821) Fries 1838 (described as H. crysodon )
  • Hygrophorus subsection
White or pale colored species, only the cap disc can sometimes be a little brownish in color.
Hat hardly greasy and stem dry. The fruit bodies are white to cream-pink in color.
  • Hygrophorus penarius var.  Barbatulus (G. Becker 1954) Bon 1989
With olive, gray or brown tones, sometimes very dark. The hat and the stem are greasy to slimy. The ring zone is very clear and the ring sometimes forms a "garland".
  • Section Pudorini (Bataille) Konrad & Maublanc
Hat colored at least in the middle.
  • Aurei Bataille subsection
Types of subsection mostly or at least partially have light colors from yellow to orange. In addition, a slimy, veil-like velum (mycology) is formed, which forms a clear ring zone, which can also be missing in older specimens. The snails are mycorrhizal partners of various conifers.
  • Subsection Erubescentes A.H. Smith & LR Hesler (= Rubescens Section )
Colors from pink to reddish brown. Lamellae and stem often spotted reddish or wine-red. Pigments mostly membrane-bound.
  • Pudorini Bataille subsection
Hat pink, flesh-colored, morning red or purple. The meat turns more or less pink, purple or burgundy red in the air.
  • Hare Snail - Hygrophorus leporinus Fries 1838
  • Orange Snail - Hygrophorus pudorinus (Frieze 1821: Frieze 1821) Frieze 1836
  • Section Tephroleuci (Bataille) Candusso (= Section Camarophylli )
Dry or slightly smeary species with dull and often dark gray to blackish colors. The stem is dry and smooth, sometimes frosted or punctured.
  • Hygrophorus agathosmus f. aureofloccosus Bresadola 1928

meaning

Many species of snail are edible, the best known are the frost snail ( Hygrophorus hypothejus ) and the March snail ( Hygrophorus marzuolus ). Other species are inedible but never poisonous.

literature

  • E. Gerhardt: Mushrooms. Verlag BLV, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8354-0053-3 .
  • E. Horak: Bolete and agaric mushrooms in Europe. 6th completely revised edition. Elsevier - Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-8274-1478-4 .
  • A. Bollmann, A. Gminder, A., P. Reil: List of illustrations of large European mushrooms. 4th edition. with genre CD, Schwarzwälder Pilzlehrschau, Hornberg 2007, ISSN  0932-920X
  • Heinrich Dörfelt , Gottfried Jetschke (Ed.): Dictionary of mycology. 2nd Edition. Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Heidelberg / Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-8274-0920-9 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries : Corpus Florarum provincialium suecicae I . In: Floram Scanicam . 1835, p. 339.
  2. ↑ TRICHOLOMATALES. (PDF; 2.7 MB) In: projet.aulnaies.free.fr. Retrieved August 11, 2011 (French).
  3. ↑ North American species of Hygrophorus by LR Hesler and Alexander H. Smith, 1963. (Full text of monograph)

Web links

Commons : Schnecklinge ( Hygrophorus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files