Non-discoloring snail

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Non-discoloring snail
Hygrophorus cossus 02.JPG

Non-discolouring snail ( Hygrophorus cossus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Snail relatives (Hygrophoraceae)
Genre : Snail ( hygrophorus )
Type : Non-discoloring snail
Scientific name
Hygrophorus cossus
( Sowerby ) Ms.

The Nichtverfärbende Schneck Ling ( Hygrophorus cossus , syn. Hygrophorus quercetorum P.D. Orton , Hygrophorus eburneus var. Quercetorum (PD Orton) Arnold ) is a agaric from the family of Schneck Ling relatives (Hygrophoraceae). The greasy to slimy hat is whitish when young and cream-colored with age. The initially whitish lamellae later turn creamy-yellow. The base of the ringless, greasy to slimy stem turns only slightly ocher to reddish brown with KOH . The aromatic-sour smell is noticeable. The mycorrhizal fungus is associated with oaks and is widespread throughout Europe. It was also found in North Africa. The conditionally edible mushroom is also called false ivory , oak or strong-smelling snail .

features

Macroscopic features

The not very fleshy hat has a diameter of 3–9 cm. The hat surface is clearly slimy, at least when it is wet, and initially matt white. With old fruit bodies, the hat turns cream to pale ocher in color.

The curved lamellae are also whitish at first and later turn greyish-cream in color. They are quite distant. The spore powder is white. The also white, greasy to slimy and ringless stem is 5–6 cm long and 0.6–2 cm wide. The base of the stem is more or less pointed and turns slightly ocher to brownish with a concentrated KOH solution, but never orange.

The meat is also white and smells unpleasantly like vinegar , something like wood vinegar . Willow borer caterpillars ( Cossus cossus ) give off a very similar odor when injured. This moth is therefore also known as the goat moth in England. Other mycologists compare the smell of the oak snail with rotting fruit, artichoke , Jerusalem artichoke or "rancid coconut oil".

Microscopic features

The elliptical to oval spores are about 7–9 µm long and 4–5 µm wide. They are smooth and inamyloid. The average Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is between 1.7 and 1.8. The Pileipellis (hat skin) is a Ixotrichoderm and does not contain yellow pigment lumps. The hyphae ends in the Pileipellis are cylindrical and only 2–4 µm wide. The stipitipellis is also an ixotrichoderm.

Species delimitation

There are about 10 white snail species in Central Europe, which can look quite similar to the non-discolored snail. Three closely related species are particularly similar to it, as their hat and stem are just as slimy and they have a similar aromatic-sour odor (Cossus odor).

The first doppelganger is the ivory snail , the type species of the genus. His hat remains whitish even with age, only the middle can be slightly creamy-yellow. Even when dried, the fruit body remains whitish to cream-colored. The lamellae of the fungus are whitish to creamy-yellowish (with age). Its not so strong Cossus smell has a fruity component (reminiscent of mandarin peel according to M. Bon). Only the base of the stem turns fiery orange to brownish orange with concentrated KOH . The most important differentiator is the location. The ivory snail grows in beech trees.

The discoloring snail ( H. discoxanthus ), which for a long time was incorrectly called H. cossus , is also a companion for European beech. Its lamellas are whitish when young, then rust-brown and the hat is initially white, then increasingly reddish-brown from the edge. Its entire fruiting body turns yellow-brown with KOH. The dried fruit bodies take on a rust-brownish color.

The birch snail , which also has the typical Cossus odor, is very similar . The hat is white and later in the center of the hat is reddish-flesh-colored. The lamellae are white and have a distinctly reddish flesh tint. The KOH reaction is weak and undefined like in the oak snail and somewhere between brownish-yellowish or ocher. As expected, the birch snail is associated with birch trees.

The spruce snail ( H.piceae ) and the gold-tooth snail ( H.chrysodon ) are often mentioned as species of confusion. Both of them lack the slimy stem and the typical Cossus odor. The edge of the hat of the gold-tooth snail is provided with golden-yellow flakes. The spruce snail is and remains completely white and is located in mountain spruce forests.

Ecology and diffusion

European countries with evidence of finding of the non-discoloring snail.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The non-discoloring snail is probably widespread throughout Europe. In Sweden, its distribution area extends as far as Uppsala, the exact northern limit of the distribution area is unclear, as the name H. cossus was incorrectly used for the birch snail in Northern Europe and there are probably many incorrect determinations, especially in finds before 2005. Evidence from Iceland and Greenland must also be seen as incorrect determinations. In the south it seems to be widespread at least in most of the Mediterranean region. It has also been found in Tunisia and Morocco, among others. In Greece it was found in both oak and red beech forests. It is unclear whether the evidence from the red beech forests was incorrect or whether the fungus was found here in the interspersed oak. The fungus also seems to be widespread in Bulgaria.

    In North America, H. cossus has been detected in both the USA and Canada. It is questionable whether the finds there are really identical to the European species. So far (as of 2016) there is no sequence data that would reliably prove this.

    In Germany the species is probably quite rare (in the Pilze-Deutschland.de database there are 50 records for H. quercetorum and 177 for H. cossus) . It is possible that many mycologists do not distinguish it from the similar ivory snail. In the dissemination database (Swissfungi) of the fungus is not listed, while in the database of mushrooms Austria nor as H. eburneus var. Quercetorum is performed. Here it occurs only in the eastern part of the country (Lower Austria, Vienna, Burgenland and occasionally in southern Styria).

    The snail seems to be strictly bound to oak. In the Mediterranean area, it was found in holm oaks (southern France) and cork oaks (Tunisia). The fungus is said to prefer limestone soils, it is currently not possible to estimate how strong its bond with limestone soils is. In the case of finds in Austria, a pronounced dependence on lime is not recognizable.

    J. Sowerby's original drawing of his A. cossus

    Systematics

    The non-discoloring snail was described by the British naturalist and painter James Sowerby in 1798 . Sowerby had picked the mushroom in Peckham Wood (near London). He noticed that the slime that covered the mushroom's hat gave off a strong odor that smelled just like wounded larvae of the willow borer ( Cossus cossus ). Hence he gave the mushroom the scientific name Agaricus cossus . Otherwise he gave little information about the mushroom, but referred to the drawing he had made.

    In 1838 Elias Magnus Fries placed the species in the genus Hygrophorus , giving the species its now accepted scientific name. In his Epicrisis systematis mycologici, Fries, who probably didn't really know how to classify the species, gives a short and rather vague Latin description: H. cossus grows in the coniferous forest and is otherwise very similar to H. eburneus . It differs from this only in the stronger odor and the less white color.

    However, in later publications Fries changed his view of this taxon several times. This caused a lot of confusion among later generations of mycologists and led to the fact that the name was interpreted very differently by different mycologists. The Swedish mycologists Lundell and Nannfeldt gave the birch snail ( H. hedrychii ) this name, which is quite common in central Sweden .

    W. Neuhoff, on the other hand, interpreted H. cossus in 1962 as a species that is tied to the European beech and therefore occurs frequently in Central Europe. Other mycologists such as Bresinsky and Moser adopted Neuhoff's view, so that the name H. cossus was used for the discoloring snail ( H. discoxanthus ) for decades . Already Giacomo Bresadola , an Italian priest and one of the best mushrooms in his time, in 1928, come to the same opinion as he as well Neuhoff, while on Fries' description in the Monographia Hymenomycetum Sueciae Vol. 2. assisted (1851) and not on its original diagnosis.

    The British mycologist Peter D. Orton also apparently took the view that H. cossus was a beech companion. Orton found snails in Devon in 1979 that were very similar to H. cossus but grew in oaks. He thought the differences were serious enough to describe in 1984 "his white, slimy snail with a Cossus odor" under the name H. quercuum (in the incorrect spelling 'quercorum'). However, this name was invalid according to the nomenclature rules, since Rolf Singer had already described a species with the same name in 1973. For this reason Orton gave his oak snail the new name H. quercetorum .

    In preparation for the Flora Neerlandica, E. Arnolds (1986) also revised the genus Hygrophorus . It struck him that the original Fries description did not match Neuhoff's conception of the species by H. cossus . He therefore suggested using the old and forgotten name H. discoxanthus (Fr.) Rea for H. cossus sensu Neuhoff . However, when asked how the taxon "H. cossus" should be interpreted, he gave no answer.

    In Orton's H. quercorum , he considered the differences to H. eburneus too small (association with oak, more pale cream to ivory-colored and somewhat more robust fruiting bodies) to justify the species rank. He therefore proposed that Orton's species be downgraded to a variety of H. eburneus . As such, the taxon can still be found today in many checklists (as of 2016).

    In 2003, Ellen Larsson and Stig Jacobsson examined type material from Sowerby's H. cossus and Orton's H. quercetorum . To do this, they sequenced the ITS region of the two type specimens and compared them with material from closely related species from Sweden. They were able to show that the H. cossus and H. quercetorum hardly differ phylogenetically and belong to the same species. Since the older name given by Sowerby naturally has priority, the species must be called H. cossus . In addition, their investigation showed that the ITS sequences of the two beech companions H. discoxanthus , H. eburnei and the birch companion H. hedrychii differ significantly from the two examined type specimens and that the species rank of H. cossus is justified.

    meaning

    The non-discoloring snail is considered edible, but due to its unpleasant smell it is significantly inferior to the very similar ivory snail.

    swell

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 114 (English: The mushrooms and tools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer).
    2. ↑ a b c Arnolds, E .: Flora Agaricina Neerlandica . Ed .: C. Bas, Th. Kuyper, ME Noordeloos, ME & EC Vellinga. tape 2 . Rotterdam 1990, Tribus Hygrophoreae, p. 115-133 ( google books ).
    3. ↑ a b c Ellen Larsson and Stig Jacobsson: Controversy over Hygrophorus cossus settled using ITS sequence data from 200 year-old type material . In: Mycological Research . tape 108 , no. 07 , 2004, p. 781-786 ( pdf ).
    4. ↑ a b Andreas Bresinsky: Demarcation of some types of the sparkling wine. Hygrophorus Genus Hygrophorus (Agaricales) and their occurrence in Sweden . In: Journal of Mushroom Science . tape 31 , 1965, p. 1–6 ( DGfM article archive ).
    5. ↑ Ewald Gerhardt: Mushrooms. Volume 1: Lamellar mushrooms, pigeons, milklings and other groups with lamellas (=  spectrum of nature / BLV intensive guide ). BLV, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 43 .
    6. ↑ a b Rapportsystemet för växter: Hygrophorus cossus. (No longer available online.) In: artportalen.se. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012 ; accessed on November 30, 2016 (se). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.artportalen.se
    7. ↑ a b Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF]).
    8. ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Hygrophorus cossus. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved November 26, 2016 .
    9. ↑ a b Worldwide distribution of Hygrophorus cossus. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on March 19, 2016 ; Retrieved November 26, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    10. ↑ a b D.M. Dimou, GI & E. Zervakis Polemis: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: I . Macrofungi from the southernmost Fagus forest in the Balkans (Oxya Mountain, central Greece). In: [Mycotaxon] . Vol: 82, 2002, pp. 177-205 (English, cybertruffle.org.uk ). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    11. ↑ a b G.I. Zervakis, E. Polemis, DM Dimou: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: III . Macrofungi recorded in Quercus forests from southern Peloponnese. In: Mycotaxon . Vol 84, 2002, pp. 141-162 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    12. ↑ Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The fungi of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . Vol. 21. Vaduz 2004 ( online [PDF]). online ( Memento of the original from November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.llv.li
    13. ^ S. Petkovski: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . In: Acta Botanica Croatica . 2009 (English, PDF, 1.6 MB ( memento of February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed on November 26, 2016]). National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.protectedareas.mk
    14. ↑ Nahuby.sk - Atlas hub - Hygrophorus cossus. In: nahuby.sk. Retrieved November 26, 2016 .
    15. ↑ a b Distribution Atlas of Fungi in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved November 26, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch
    16. ↑ a b Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed December 2, 2016 .
    17. ^ Ben Ali M. Ben Hassine and SL Stephenson: Preliminary checklist of the macrofungi from northwestern Tunisia . In: Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology . tape 6 , no. 1 , 2016, ISSN  2229-2225 , p. 35-44 .
    18. ↑ James Sowerby: Colored figures of English fungi or mushrooms. Volume 2 . Ed .: J. Davis. London 1797, p. 53 (English, biodiversitylibrary.org ).
    19. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 321 (Latin, online ).
    20. ↑ Walter Neuhoff: Confused white snails around Hygrophorus eburneus . In: Westphalian mushroom letters . tape 3 , 1962, pp. 59–64 ( online [PDF]).
    21. ^ Giacomo Bresadola: Iconographia Mycologica . Ed .: Gruppo Micologico "G. Bresadola". Vol. XII, 1928, pp. 304 (Latin, online ).
    22. ↑ E. Arnolds: Notes on Hygrophoraceae - VII . In: Persoonia . tape 13 , 1986, pp. 69-76 ( naturalis.nl ).

    Web links

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