Black-dotted snail
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Black-dotted snail ( Hygrophorus pustulatus ) |
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| Hygrophorus pustulatus | ||||||||||||
| ( Pers. ) Fr. |
The black-dotted snail ( Hygrophorus pustulatus , also Hygrophorus odoratus [ AH Smith ]) is a fungus from the genus of the snail . Its fruiting body grows from August to December under spruce , fir and sequoia trees and is characterized by the gray-brown hat with dark scales. It is a good edible mushroom and is also used as a supplier of antibiotics .
features
Fruiting bodies
The hat of the black-dotted snail is 15–40 millimeters wide; it is light gray to gray-brown, the middle is usually darker. In young mushrooms, it is initially hemispherical and the edge is rolled up, but over time the cap flattens and the edge bends further outwards. The hat skin is covered with blackish-brown scales. It is not hygrophan , but takes on a slimy surface consistency in damp weather. The flesh of the hat is white, soft and comparatively thin (maximum 5 millimeters thick); towards the brim it becomes less. It has neither a distinctive smell nor a noteworthy taste.
The 21–30 white lamellae are distant, arched and run down easily on the stem; at the bottom they are veined. The spore print is white.
The stem of the black-dotted snail measures 30–60 × 3–8 millimeters and is cylindrical and slightly thickened towards the end. It is full-bodied and white or light gray in color. Especially on the upper half, sometimes on the entire stem, there are small, dark spots that can sometimes form oblique bands. The lower half is often covered by a thin, sticky film, which is a remnant of the velum universale of the fruiting body. The stalk meat is white and firm, it is also unobtrusive in terms of taste and smell.
Microscopic properties
The spores of the black-dotted snail are elongated-ellipsoidal, measuring around 7.0–9.5 × 4.0–6.0 micrometers . At one end they have a large, blunt apex. The spores sit on the basidia in groups of four, less often in pairs. These are approximately 43–59 × 7.5–9.5 micrometers in size, slender and club-shaped. The fungus does not have cystides .
The trama of the lamellae is bilateral, ie it consists of two layers that are composed of cylindrical or flattened, branched elements of around 40–160 × 4–25 micrometers.
The Pileipellis (hat skin) of the black-dotted snail is an ixotrichoderm up to 400 micrometers thick, that is, it consists of upright, slender and branched hyphae. They are strongly intertwined at the bottom, becoming increasingly loose towards the top. The hyphae are about 2.5-4.0 micrometers wide, are hyaline (translucent) or have brownish pigmentation on the inside, and they have a smooth surface. The stipitipellis (stem skin), however, is a cutis, it consists of horizontally arranged hyaline hyphae. These become 3.0-4.5 micrometers wide and have scattered, free ends. In some places there are also upright clusters of thick hyphae (4.0–6.0 micrometers) that can be up to 400 micrometers long. Their ends are cylindrical to slightly club-shaped and are 5.0–9.0 micrometers thick; these hyphae also have a brown pigmentation inside. Buckles are present on the hyphae of the cuticle.
Ecology and diffusion
The black-dotted snail lives as a mycorrhizal partner of pines , such as firs (Abies) or spruces ( Picea ), but also with sequoias (Sequoioideae). It colonizes calcareous to acidic soils and enters into a symbiosis with corresponding tree species. Depending on the location, the fungus forms fruiting bodies from August to December, which grow from the forest floor.
The distribution area of the black-dotted snail accordingly extends over large parts of the Holarctic , where it finds suitable growing conditions. It has been found in both western North America and Europe.
Systematics
The black- dotted snail is assigned within the genus Hygrophorus of the section Olivaceoumbrini. In this turn he is assigned to the Tephroleuci subsection. He is the olive-brown Schneck Ling ( H. olivaceoalbus ), the Two-colored worm Ling ( H. persoonii ), the Great Pine Schneck Ling ( H. latitabundus ) and the gray brown mucus stem Schneck Ling ( H. mesotephrus ) near, but especially the Fragrant Schneck Ling ( H. agathosmus ) .
The following forms , varieties and subspecies are recognized for the black-spotted snail :
| Subtaxon | Initial description | comment |
|---|---|---|
| f. pustulatus | (Pers.) Fr. (1838) | Nominate form |
| f. niphoides | Cugnot (2004) | |
| var. epapillatus | P. Karst | |
| var. inornatus | E. Suárez & Gracia (2004) | |
| subsp. terebratus | Fr. |
meaning
The black-dotted snail is a good edible mushroom that is also suitable for drying. Cyclopentenone derivatives, the so-called hygrophorones , which the fungus produces as secondary substances, can also be obtained from the fruit bodies of the black-dotted snail . These compounds are polyols and have an antifungal and antibacterial (that is, fungus and bacteria-fighting) effect, in particular with regard to Gram-positive bacteria . The olive-brown snail thus plays an important role as a supplier of antibiotics , all the more since the hygrophorones also have an effect on bacterial strains that are resistant to common antibiotics such as methicillin , ciprofloxacin or vancomycin .
References
literature
- Cornelis Bas : Flora Agaricina Neerlandica - Volume 2: Critical Monographs on Families of Agarics and Boleti Occurring in the Netherlands CRC Press , 1990. ISBN 90-6191-861-8 , page 127
- LR Hesler , Alexander H. Smith : North American species of Hygrophorus . University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville 1963. Pages 306-307.
- Hermann Jahn : Distribution and locations of the snail, Hygrophorus, in Westphalia (online as a PDF file , 2.43 MB; page 8, number 14 at Westfälische Pilzbriefe )
- Hans E. Laux: Edible mushrooms and their poisonous doppelgangers . Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, W. Keller & Co., Stuttgart 1985. Page 45
- Tilo Lübken: Hygrophorons. New antifungal cyclopentenone derivatives from Hygrophorus species (Basidiomycetes) University of Halle, Halle an der Saale 2006.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://brd.pilzkartierung.de/f2specart.php?csuchsatz=gyb
- ↑ a b Hans E. Laux: Edible mushrooms and their poisonous doppelgangers . Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, W. Keller & Co., Stuttgart 1985, p. 45 .
- ^ A b Hermann Jahn: Distribution and locations of the snails, Hygrophorus, in Westphalia
- ↑ a b c Cornelis Bas: Flora Agaricina Neerlandica - Volume 2: Critical Monographs on Families of Agarics and Boleti Occurring in the Netherlands CRC Press , 1990. ISBN 90-6191-861-8 , page 132
- ↑ a b c L. R. Hesler, Alexander H. Smith: North American species of Hygrophorus. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville 1963. Pages 306-307.
- ^ A b Tilo Lübken: Hygrophorone. New antifungal cyclopentenone derivatives from Hygrophorus species (Basidiomycetes) University of Halle, Halle ad Saale 2006.
- ↑ Index Fungorum.Retrieved October 21, 2009.
