Fragrant snail

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Fragrant snail
Hygrophorus agathosmus 70328.jpg

Fragrant snail ( Hygrophorus agathosmus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Snail relatives (Hygrophoraceae)
Genre : Snail ( hygrophorus )
Type : Fragrant snail
Scientific name
Hygrophorus agathosmus
( Fr. ): Fr.

The fragrant snail ( Hygrophorus agathosmus ( Fr. ) Fr.) is an edible species of mushroom from the family of snail relatives ( Hygrophoraceae ). It is a common species found in North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. In Central Europe they are mainly found in mountain conifer forests under spruce and pine trees . The snail has a light gray, sticky hat , waxy lamellas that run down the handle and a typical and unmistakable smell of bitter almonds . In laboratory tests, fruit body extracts showed antimicrobial effects against various human pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

description

The edges of the hats of young fruiting bodies are rolled up.

The hat has a diameter of 4 to 8 centimeters and is initially almost hemispherical, then more arched to flattened and finally slightly depressed with a flat hump in the middle. The edge remains rolled up for a long time. The color is dull light to dark ash gray and in rare cases almost white. The hat surface feels sticky to the touch when wet. It is smooth, and the edge can often have a layer of small, fine hairs. The middle is often finely scaly.

The lamellas have just grown on the stem, but when ripe they can also run down slightly, that is, the lamellas grow a short distance down the stem. The lamellae, which are fairly close to distant, are white at first, but later turn greyish. They are shorter strips ( lamella tablets mingled) and sometimes forked. The lamellar blades are relatively narrow and thin and have a smooth edge.

The stem is four to eight inches long and about 1 to 1.5 inches thick. It is initially whitish, with age pale gray and cylindrical or a bit pointed towards the base. The stem is firm, dry or moist, towards the tip it is covered with sticky flakes. With age, the stem surface is often smooth, but does not have a layer of mucus, which is so typical for many snails and which can be traced back to a gelatinous velum universale.

The meat is soft and whitish or watery gray and tastes mild. The snail has a distinctive smell of bitter almonds or cherry stones (the smell is occasionally weak).

Microscopic features

Spores at 1000x magnification. Each smaller division is 1 µm.

When viewed en masse, like a spore print , the spores appear white. When viewed with a light microscope, the basidiospores measure 8 to 10.5 by 4.5 to 5.5 micrometers, they are ellipsoidal, smooth and yellowish in Melzer's reagent . The spore-bearing cells, the basidia , are four-pore and measure 48 to 65 micrometers in length and 6 to 8 micrometers in thickness. Pleurocystids and cheilocystids ( cystids on the lamellar surfaces or on the lamellar edges) are not present in this species. The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) consists of a wide (175 to 350 micrometers) gelatinous area, consisting of loosely interwoven, slender (1.5 to 4 micrometers) hyphae; the superficial hyphae are dark brownish-gray in color. This arrangement of hyphae is a so-called ixocutis , in which the hyphae walls swell and gel and allow the layer to shine through, which contrasts with the underlying flesh. The gelled hyphae is tough and can be pulled off the hat as a film. Although buckle connections are found on the hyphae tissue that make up the flesh of the lamellae, none are found in the hat meat or in the hat skin.

Edibility and Antimicrobial Activity

As they mature, the hats flatten and can develop a central indentation.

The fragrant snail is edible , but is considered to be meaningless. After research into the antioxidant potential of the mushroom, it contains at least five organic acids : oxalic , citric , malic , quinic and fumaric acids . After a standard laboratory test to determine antimicrobial activity, the fragrant snail showed inhibition of the growth of various pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli , Klebsiella aerogenes (formerly Enterobacter aerogenes ), Salmonella Typhimurium , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Staphylococcus aureus , and Bacillidaphylocidoccus aureus , Staphylococcus aureus , and Staphylococcus aureus ; it also inhibits the growth of the yeast Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae .

Species delimitation

The black-dotted snail ( Hygrophorus pustulatus ) is similar to the fragrant snail and has a similar almond odor. However, the black-spotted snail's fruiting bodies are smaller and it produces larger spores (11-14 microns long). Hygrophorus occidentalis , which grows under conifers or oaks, has a sticky stem and a less pronounced odor. The March snail ( Hygrophorus marzuolus ) is also similar, but lacks a distinctive odor and has smaller spores than the fragrant snail.

Habitat and Distribution

The fragrant snail is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that lives in symbiosis mainly with spruce trees . It was isolated, grown and kept in pure culture as a vegetatively propagated inoculum for the artificial mycorrhization of the planting material of forest tree nurseries . Fruit bodies are found distributed among spruce, pine, and mixed forests in the United States . The fungus is also widespread in Europe (Czech Republic, Poland, Russia, Turkey and the United Kingdom), as well as in Africa and India.

Taxonomy and systematics

The species was originally named Agaricus agathosmus by the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1815 ; he moved it in 1838 to the genus Hygrophorus . In the meantime, the English naturalist Miles Joseph Berkeley named the species Agaricus cerasinus in 1836 , and in 1860 he moved it to the genus Hygrophorus . In 1948 Richard Dennis examined the type descriptions and concluded that both names referred to the same species. Other historical synonyms include Limacium pustulatum var. Agathosmum ( Kummer , 1871) and Limacium agathosmum ( Wünsche , 1877).

In their published in 1963 monograph on the Hygrophorus TYPES North America the American mycologists classified Lexemuel Ray Hesler and Alexander H. Smith fragrant Schneck Ling in the subdivision Camarophylli , a group of related species by a dry stalk and the lack of a gelatinous outer velum are characterized .

The specific epithet "agathosmus" is derived from the Greek word "agathos", which means "good", and "osme" for "smell" ("agathosmus" = "fragrant").

Web links

Commons : Fragrant Snail ( Hygrophorus agathosmus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Lexemuel Ray Hesler, Alexander Hanchett Smith: North American Species of Hygrophorus . 1st edition. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA 1963, p. 27, 329, 386-388 (English).
  2. ↑ a b c David Arora: Mushrooms Demystified . a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Ed .: Ten Speed ​​Press. Berkeley, California 1986, ISBN 0-89815-169-4 , pp. 128 (English).
  3. ↑ Bárbara Ribeiro, Joana Rangel, Patrícia Valentão, Paula Baptista, Rosa M. Seabra, Paula B. Andrade: Contents of Carboxylic Acids and Two Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity of Dried Portuguese Wild Edible Mushrooms . In: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry . tape 54 , no. 22 , 2006, p. 8530-8537 , doi : 10.1021 / jf061890q , PMID 17061830 (English).
  4. ↑ Mustafa Yamaç, Fatma Bilgili: Antimicrobial Activities of Fruit Bodies and / or Mycelial Cultures of Some Mushroom Isolates . In: Pharmaceutical Biology . tape 44 , no. 9 , 2006, p. 660–667 , doi : 10.1080 / 13880200601006897 (English).
  5. ↑ brd.pilzkartierung.de
  6. ↑ Ivan Repáč: Isolation, cultivation and in vitro maintenance of pure cultures of ectomycorrhizal fungi . In: Lesnictvi . tape December 12 , 1993, ISSN  0024-1105 , pp. 497-501 (Slovak).
  7. ^ Jan Holec: New records of rare basidiomycetes in the Šumava mountains (Czech Republic) . In: Casopis Narodniho Muzea Rada Prirodovedna . tape 166 , no. 1-4 , 1997, pp. 69-78 (English).
  8. ↑ J. Kornas: Myco flora of the Pieniny National Park Poland 4 . In: Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego Prace Botaniczne . tape 9 , 1981, pp. 67-82 (Polish).
  9. ↑ Alexander E. Kovalenko: The arctic-subarctic and alpine-subalpine component in the Hygrophoraceae of Russia . In: Kew Bulletin . tape 54 , no. 3 , 1999, p. 695-704 , doi : 10.2307 / 4110865 (English).
  10. ↑ Kenan Demirel: New records for the fungal flora of Turkey . In: Turkish Journal of Botany . tape 22 , no. 5 , 1998, ISSN  1300-008X , p. 349–353 (English, tubitak.gov.tr (PDF; 207 kB)).
  11. ↑ Grid map of records on the Gateway for Almond Woodwax ( Hygrophorus agathosmus ). (No longer available online.) In: National Biodiversity Network Gateway. National Biodiversity Network, formerly in the original ; accessed on January 24, 2010 (English).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / data.nbn.org.uk  
  12. ↑ Arkamitra K. Mandal, Nirmalendu Samajpati: Agaricales of West Begal VI . some mushrooms of 24-Parganas district, West Bengal. In: Journal of Mycopathological Research . tape 36 , no. 2 , ISSN  0971-3719 , p. 59-65 .
  13. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Observationes mycologicae . Havniae, Copenhagen 1815, p. 16-17 (English, catalog.hathitrust.org [accessed January 1, 2010]).
  14. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici . seu Synopsis Hymenomycetum. Upsaliae: E Typographia Academica, Uppsala, Sweden 1838, ISBN 978-81-211-0035-9 , pp. 325 (Latin, books.google.com [accessed January 1, 2010]).
  15. ↑ Miles Joseph Berkeley: The English Flora - Fungi . Ed .: James Edward Smith. tape 5-2 , no. 2 . Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, London 1836, pp. 12 (English, archive.org ).
  16. ^ Miles Joseph Berkeley: Outlines of British fungology . Lovell Reeve, London 1860, p. 197 (English, archive.org ).
  17. ^ Richard William George Dennis: Some little-known British species of Agaricaceae . In: Transactions of the British Mycological Society . tape 31 , no. 3–4 , 1948, pp. 191-209 , doi : 10.1016 / S0007-1536 (48) 80002-1 (English).
  18. ↑ Paul Kummer: The guide to mushroom science . Instructions for the methodical, easy and secure identification of the fungi occurring in Germany, with the exception of mold and all too tiny slime and core fungi. 1st edition. Verlag von E. Luppe's Buchhandlung, Zerbst 1871, p. 119 ( archive.org ).
  19. ^ Limacium agathosmum (Fr.) Wünsche 1877. In: MycoBank. International Mycological Association, April 13, 2006, accessed January 23, 2010 .
  20. ↑ Umberto Quattrocchi: CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names . Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida 1999, ISBN 978-0-8493-2673-8 , pp. 67 (English).