Hyospath

Hyospath
	Hyospathe elegans
Systematics
	Commelinids
Order :	Palm- like arecales
Family :	Palm family (Arecaceae)
Subfamily :	Arecoideae
Tribe :	Udder peae
Genre :	Hyospath
Scientific name
	Hyospath
	Mart.

Hyospathe is a genus of palm that is native to South America. They are mostly small palms with undivided or broadly pinnate leaves.

features

The representatives are small, rarely medium-sized, single or multi-stemmed palms. They are unarmed and single sexed ( monoecious ). The trunk is slender and striking with widely spaced leaf scars.

leaves

The leaves are regularly pinnate, undivided or in two parts. The leaf sheath usually forms a short or longer crown shaft. Until the leaf falls, it does not tear on the side opposite the leaf stalk . The edge of the vagina is irregular, cartilaginous. The petiole is of medium length, slender and covered with hair or scales. The leaflets are lanceolate to sickle-shaped, single, double or multiple folded. They have sloping scales on the underside of the ribs, sometimes also on the tops of the ribs. The midrib is clearly visible.

Inflorescences

There is a single inflorescence . It is simply branched, the branches are stiff or drooping. The slender peduncle can be short or long. The cover sheet has two keeled sides and narrows to a blunt end. It tears open dorsiventrally and apically and thus becomes two-part. It starts above the base of the peduncle. The one or two bracts on the peduncle are circular in cross section, much longer than or equal to the length of the previous leaf. They are beaked, tear open abaxially and set something above the cover sheet. The inflorescence axis is much shorter to (rarely) longer than the inflorescence stalk. The bracts of the inflorescence axis are very short, the side branches arise in their axils. These are slender, medium to short and then stiff, or long and drooping. The flowers are in triads on them.

blossoms

The male flowers are to the side of the female, are narrow and elongated. The three sepals form a tube, at least two thirds of their length are fused with the flower base and thus form a stem-like base. The free tips are short and broad triangular. The three petals are not fused, narrow oval, asymmetrical, curved at the base and pointed at the end. Of the six stamens , the three antesepals (in front of the sepals) have short stamens and are briefly fused with the rudiment of the pistil. The three antepetal stamens (standing in front of the petals) have much longer stamens that are fused with the rudiment of the pistil up to its tip. The stamens are awl-shaped , the anthers are moderately long, dorsifix near the base and open latrors. The pollen grains are ellipsoidal, with a slight to marked asymmetry. The germ opening is a distal sulcus. The longest axis of the pollen grain is 34 to 39 micrometers long. The rudiment of the stamp is narrowly ovoid with two scar lobes.

The female flowers are egg-shaped and shorter than the male. The three sepals are fused to two thirds of their length to form a cup, the ends are wide and pointed. The three petals are free, oval and slightly overlap. The six staminodes are small. The gynoeceum is egg-shaped, single-fan and has an ovule . The stamp narrows in a short-tubular stylus and in three scars that are bent back to blossom. The ovule is basal and attaches laterally, its orientation is unknown.

fruit

The fruit is ovoid to cylindrical, pointed and asymmetrical. At maturity it is black. The scar remains are basal. The exocarp is smooth, the mesocarp fibrous, the endocarp thin and crust-shaped. The seed is narrowly egg-shaped, pointed and the hilum is basal. The endosperm is homogeneous, the embryo is quite large and sits basal.

Distribution and locations

The representatives come from Costa Rica to Peru in the entire Amazon basin. They grow in the rainforest, in swamps or on dry ground mainly at low altitude, but rise up to 1000 or 2000 m on the Andean slopes.

Systematics

The genus Hyospathe Mart. is placed within the family Arecaceae in the subfamily Arecoideae , tribe Euterpeae . Within the tribe it is the sister group of all other genera. The genus itself is monophyletic .

Govaerts and Dransfield will accept six species by 2018:

Hyospathe elegans Mart. : It occurs in tropical America from Costa Rica to Brazil.
Hyospathe frontinensis A.J. Hend . : The species first described in 2004 occurs in Colombia.
Hyospathe macrorhachis Burret : It occurs in eastern Ecuador.
Hyospathe peruviana A.J.Hend. : The species first described in 2004 occurs in Peru.
Hyospathe pittieri Burret : It occurs from eastern Panama to Venezuela.
Hyospathe wendlandiana Dammer ex Burret : It occurs in Colombia.

supporting documents

John Dransfield, Natalie W. Uhl, Conny B. Asmussen, William J. Baker, Madeline M. Harley, Carl E. Lewis: Genera Palmarum. The Evolution and Classification of Palms . Second edition, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2008, ISBN 978-1-84246-182-2 , pp. 458-460.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Hyospathe. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 6, 2018.

Web links

Hyospathe on the homepage of the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden

[WCSP-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Hyospathe. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 6, 2018.