Hyperplasia interdigitalis

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Pronounced inflamed swelling between the claws

The Hyperplasia interdigitalis , also known as a Limax , a Tylom (plural: Tylome ; ancient Greek: τύλος bead , callus ; in the jargon: Tyloma , plural: Tylomata ), a Zwischenklauenwulst or interdigital tumor referred to is a claw disease in cattle . It is a skin and subcutaneous overgrowth in the gap between the claws . There is tylosis in man; here a tylom or a tyloma is a horn callus ( Pachyonychia congenita ), an extensive thickening of the horny layer or simply a callus.

Disease picture and meaning

A swelling between the claws usually forms as a result of the smallest injuries or irritations of the skin between the claws. Irritation of the interdigital skin leads to swelling of the tissue. This leads to further skin irritation, which increases the tissue swelling. In addition to mechanical trauma ( e.g. from walking over stubble fields), an excessively narrow gap between the claws , an untreated chronic infection with claw rot or digital dermatitis can trigger the disease.

The disease usually occurs only sporadically and, according to various studies, affects only 0.4 to 7.2 percent of the animals, according to another source an average of 7.5 percent of dairy cows and 2.9 percent of the first calves in a herd. Meat breeds are more often affected than dairy breeds . Usually only the hind legs are affected. Hereditary susceptibility can be assumed. Genetically determined weaknesses in the connective tissue of the interclaw tissue and the interdigital ligaments as well as low skin elasticity favor the development of a spreading claw . This promotes the formation of a swelling between the claws.

As early as 1952, the veterinarian Richard Götze assumed that the disease was almost entirely genetic. This was confirmed by genome-wide association studies in Holstein cattle in 2019 , which were carried out under the direction of the veterinary surgeon Bertram Brenig at the Veterinary Institute of the Georg-August University of Göttingen in cooperation with the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg . The studies showed that a point mutation in the first exon of the tyrosine protein kinase receptor 2 gene ( ROR2 ) is the cause of the disease. The gene for the tyrosine protein kinase receptor 2 (ROR2) is also involved in the development of limb malformations ( brachydactyly ) in humans .

Smaller Tylom

On the basis of the location, a distinction is made between two different forms, which give indications of the origin:

  • In the case of bulges in the middle of the gap between the claws, it can be assumed that there is a hereditary disease and that claw care has been neglected or performed incorrectly .
  • A tyloma located asymmetrically in the interclaw gap indicates previous inflammation in the affected area.

The lump is initially the size of a bean or smaller and is often overlooked. The growths can affect the skin, the subcutaneous tissue, or both and lead to hyper- and parakeratosis of the epidermis . The bulge increases to twice the size of the thumb. The tylom is squeezed between the horn shoes with every step. With pronounced spreading claws, it can also touch the ground. The skin, which is still smooth and intact in the case of smaller tylomas, changes with increasing size of the tyloma and with great stress from these bruises; it becomes rough and cracked, which means that pathogens can adhere well and cause (purulent) inflammation. The constant irritation leads to pain and later to lameness in the affected animals. In the case of jumping and insemination bulls, the disease can lead to a reluctance to breed and, even before that, to a lower quality of semen .

Diagnosis and treatment

The tyloma can be easily recognized due to the clinical visual appearance. To do this, the gap between the claws should be cleaned thoroughly. A mix-up with other hoof diseases is almost impossible.

Graduated treatment is required depending on the size of the tyloma and the inflammation present:

  • Smaller, non-inflamed growths themselves do not require any therapy. Surgical removal should not be carried out; functional hoof care is usually sufficient. Attention must be paid to a properly executed hollow groove; the claw walls adjacent to the intermediate claw gap should be thinned in a concave manner. This prevents further bruising of the tyloma and the swelling should decrease. Another positive effect is that the self-cleaning of the inter-claw gap is improved, as a result of which the claws become drier and pathogens stick more difficult. All-day grazing is another option that leads to complete regression of smaller tylomas in dry weather.
Interclaw gap after surgical removal
  • Tylomas that are already inflamed must also be treated with antibiotics. After hoof trimming, inflamed tylomas that are not too large should first be treated with OTC or CTC spray . Then a bandage with a keratolytic ointment (active ingredients: salicylic acid and methyl salicylate ) should be applied. This has to be removed after three days and after another day the same treatment has to be repeated. This must be done until the tyloma has completely disappeared. The disadvantage of this method is the high amount of work and time required over several weeks. The possibility of being able to continue delivering the milk is an advantage, as none of the externally applied drugs come into contact with the udder.
  • In the case of profound changes, extensive inflammation and lameness, there is no alternative to surgical removal of the tyloma by a veterinarian . The operation is only allowed under local anesthesia. It is associated with severe blood loss and the entire tissue must be removed, otherwise it will start to proliferate again - often more than before the procedure. The wound cannot be sutured and should be treated with medication. An alternative to the classic removal with a scalpel is the use of an electrically heated knife, which immediately closes the blood vessels during the cut. René Pilj describes only 50 percent complete healing after surgical removal.

prevention

In addition to regular control of the inter-hoof gap and functional hoof care, heredity should also be considered. According to an evaluation, the tyloma occurred in the offspring of various insemination bulls with a frequency between 0.1 and 15.3 percent. If there is a suspicion of hereditary occurrence, such animals should be excluded from breeding.

Web links

Commons : Hyperplasia interdigitalis  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Otto Dornblüth : Dictionary of clinical art expressions , 1st edition, Verlag von Veit & Comp., Leipzig 1894, page 140, with the examples Tyloma ciliaris lid thickening, and Tyloma linguae leukoplakia .
  2. ^ Günter Thiele (editor): "Handlexikon der Medizin", Urban & Schwarzenberg , Munich, Vienna, Baltimore 1980, volume 4 (SZ), page 2517.
  3. ↑ Duden : The Dictionary of Medical Terms , Georg Thieme Verlag , 4th edition, Stuttgart, New York 1985, ISBN 3-411-02426-7 , ISBN 3-13-437804-3 , page 697.
  4. ↑ Willibald Pschyrembel: "Clinical Dictionary" , 267th edition, Berlin and Boston 2017, Verlag de Gruyter , ISBN 978-3-11-049497-6 , page 1850.
  5. ^ Peter Altmeyer : Therapielexikon Dermatologie und Allergologie , Springer-Verlag, 2nd edition, Berlin, Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 3-540-23781-X , page 1119.
  6. ^ Josef Hammerschmid-Gollwitzer: Dictionary of medical terms , Rheingauer Verlagsgesellschaft, Eltville 1981, ISBN 3-88102-061-6 , page 421.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k top agrar (eds.), René Pilj, Willemen Maarten, Christoph Mülling, Martin Schmitt, Gregor Veauthier: Solving claw problems faster , Landwirtschaftsverlag Münster, 2003, ISBN 3-7843-3175- 0 , pp. 60/61
  8. ↑ a b c d e René Pilj: Tylom on rene-pijl.de (accessed on August 31, 2018)
  9. ↑ a b c Gerhard Reszler: Hoof Care and Hoof Diseases , Austrian Center for Functional Hoof Care , p. 40
  10. ↑ Georg-August-Universität Göttingen- Public Relations: Press Releases - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. Retrieved January 15, 2020 .
  11. ↑ Zhang et al. : Interdigital Hyperplasia in Holstein cattle is associated with a missense mutation in the signal peptide region of the Tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane receptor gene. Frontiers in Genetics (2019)
  12. ↑ René Pilj: Tylom 2 on rene-pijl.de (accessed on August 31, 2018)