Ox bolete
| Ox bolete | ||||||||||||
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Ox bolete ( Imperator torosus ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Emperor torosus | ||||||||||||
| ( Fr. & Hök ) Assyov , Bellanger , Bertéa , Courtec. , G. Koller , Loizides , G. Marques , JA Muñoz , Oppicelli , D. Puddu , F. Richard , P.-A. Moreau |
The ox boletus ( Imperator torosus , syn. Boletus torosus ) is a type of mushroom from the family of thick bolete relatives (Boletaceae). Characteristic are the intense dark blue discoloration of the flesh, the long yellow pores and the noticeably high specific weight of the fruiting bodies .
features
Macroscopic features
The hat is hemispherical to cushion-shaped and does not flatten even with age. It reaches a diameter between 10 and 20 (up to a maximum of 25) cm. The coloring can vary widely. At first it is usually golden to ocher yellow or slightly greenish in color; it is often quite light and pale. Soon it becomes reddish and blotchy due to external influences. Thanks to the interplay of all these tones, it can also look colorful. However, it soon gets dirty. The surface is finely felt and almost completely bald with age.
The tubes are yellow with an olive tone. They turn black-blue on pressure. The pores are colored golden yellow for a long time. They later get an orange tone and only turn orange-red after a long time. When ripe, however, the red color disappears again, so that the pores are tinted olive yellow again. They also turn a strong blue when touched.
The stem is bulbous in shape and reaches a length between 7 and 15 cm and a thickness of 2 to 6 cm. It is lemon yellow in color and covered by a fine net. The base is usually tinted dark red when young; soon the entire stem bears this color. The basal mycelium is tinted pale yellowish white.
The flesh is yellow and, when injured, immediately turns a strong greenish-blue to blue-black color. After a few hours the tone will fade and then turn reddish in color. Under the tubes (tube bottom) the meat is yellowish. It tastes mild and has no particular smell.
Microscopic features
The basidia measure 35-50 × 8-12 micrometers. The spores are spindle-shaped and 11–15 × 5–6 µm in size. The cystids are bulbous to narrow spindle-shaped and 40–60 × 7–12 µm in size. The top layer of the hat consists of hyphae , the ends of which are initially erect, but soon prostrate. These are 3–6 µm thick and cylindrical to slightly pointed.
Species delimitation
The bullock is characterized by its pores that remain yellow for a long time and the flesh that turns blue. Similar species such as the yellow-capped purple boletus ( Imperator luteocupreus ) or the blue- spotted purple bolete ( I. rhodopurpureus ) have reddish pores very early on.
ecology
The ox-bolet can be found in deciduous forests in summer and autumn and less often in coniferous forests.
distribution
The ox-bolet is common in Europe primarily in the south. It is more common in France, among others. In the north there are isolated finds in England and southern Sweden. In Germany the fungus is very rare everywhere.
meaning
The ox bolet is poisonous raw, but can often be eaten safely after heating. It is a popular edible mushroom in France, where it is quite common in the West, among other places . The active ingredient coprin , which is toxic in combination with alcohol, has been detected in the fungus . This would be the first evidence of this substance outside the family of the ink relatives . However, the presence of this poison in the ox boletus is doubted, since the mushroom can also be consumed without harm with alcohol. In addition, symptoms and latency speak against Coprinus syndrome when it occurs.
The fungus is often not tolerated even without alcohol. This is attributed to the difficult digestibility due to the compact meat, a presumably high content of chitin and often large amounts consumed, as is often observed in France. Symptoms can be stomach cramps even with small amounts; With large meals, vomiting diarrhea with possibly slight liver involvement is possible. It is therefore generally not recommended to eat the bullock.
swell
literature
- German Josef Krieglsteiner (Eds.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Boris Assyov, Jean-Michel Bellanger, Paul Bertéa, Régis Courtecuisse, Gerhard Koller, Michael Loizides, Guilhermina Marques, José Antonio Muñoz, Nicolò Oppicelli, Davide Puddu, Franck Richard, Pierre-Arthur Moreau: Index Fungorum no. 243. 21. May 2015, accessed June 23, 2015 .
- ↑ Rudolf Winkler: Mushroom species of the genus Boletus , Dickröhrlinge. On: www.pilze.ch . 9/2005. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
- ↑ a b c d e f René Flammer: Boletus torosus - Coprin and alcohol. In: Swiss Journal of Mushroom Science 2008-4. Pp. 146-147. (PDF; 1.14 MB).
- ↑ a b Ulrich Kiwitt, Hartmut Laatsch: Coprin in Boletus torosus : Is the alleged alcohol intolerance due to the consumption of the net-handled witch's tube ( Boletus luridus ) based on a mistake? ( Memento of the original from January 13, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Zeitschrift für Mykologie 60 (2). 1994. pp. 423-430. (PDF; 486 kB).
