International Psychoanalytical Publishing House

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The Internationale Psychoanalytische Verlag (IPV) existed in Vienna from 1919 to 1938 . At that time it was the most important psychoanalytic publisher. The psychoanalytic journals and most of the psychoanalytic books appeared in it.

prehistory

Most of Freud's early books, including The Interpretation of Dreams , were published by Franz Deuticke by Deuticke Verlag . A second option was the publishing house founded in 1905 by the bookseller Hugo Heller . Heller published Totem and Tabu (in four parts 1912-1913) and the lectures for the introduction to psychoanalysis (in three parts 1916-1917) Heller was closer to psychoanalysis than Deuticke. He attended the meetings of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Association and became a member. Heller took the risk of publishing two psychoanalytic journals, the International Journal for Medical Psychoanalysis and the Imago. Journal of the Application of Psychoanalysis to the Humanities . After the end of the First World War, the economic situation in Austria was catastrophic. Like many other publishers, Hugo Heller's company was in a serious crisis. Even the paper was tight. In this situation the publication of the psychoanalytic journals, which played a central role in the psychoanalytic movement, was jeopardized.

The foundation of the publishing house

In 1918 the Budapest brewery owner Anton von Freund decided to financially support psychoanalysis by setting up a foundation. “In the autumn of 1918, Freud presented this foundation to the public for the first time at the psychoanalytical congress in Budapest by declaring that he would meet the intentions of the donors by using the funds made available to him for the promotion of scientific publications, particularly those that were effective Design of the club magazines, would like to use. As early as January 1919 Otto Rank applied for the publishing license and the approval to found a limited liability company - in addition to Rank, who was elected as the first managing director, Sigmund Freud , Anton von Freund and Sándor Ferenczi participated as shareholders . "

It was Freud's intention "to open convenient ways for authors from our circles to the public and at the same time to set their works apart from the mass of pseudo-analytical productions as if by a kind of official calibration".

The publishing house should initially be founded in Budapest. Since only part of the foundation's assets could be transferred to Austria after the suppression of the Soviet Republic in Hungary and inflation devalued most of this remainder, the publisher's financial situation was difficult from the start.

The Era Rank

Employees of the publishing house were initially Otto Rank, his wife Beate Rank, Anna Freud and at times Theodor Reik , the company headquarters was Rank's apartment. In fact, Rank had to do most of the work alone. Since his executive salary was low, he also worked as an analyst and was also a writer. In order to publish the magazine The International Journal of Psychoanalysis , Rank and Ernest Jones founded an English publishing branch in the form of the International Psychoanalytical Press in 1920 . As a production location for books, Vienna was cheaper than London at the time and they wanted to use this advantage. The production of foreign language publications (also in other languages) turned out to be very difficult and error-prone, which led to frequent friction between Jones and the badly overloaded Rank. Eric Hiller, who was sent to Vienna as a liaison officer, turned out to be inefficient. From 1923 the journal was therefore produced in London.

The publisher did not hesitate to publish objectionable works such as the novel Der Seelensucher by Georg Groddeck, which at the time was considered by some as 'pornographic' . The Swiss analysts, concerned about the respectability of psychoanalysis, protested in vain.

The Storfer era

After Rank left the psychoanalytic movement, the journalist Adolf Josef Storfer (1888–1944) became the new director of the publishing house in 1925 . In the same year, Max Eitingon joined the group of shareholders. Storfer, whose habitus was closer to the bohemian , was an imaginative, aesthetically innovative but economically not very successful publishing director. In 1926 he founded the publisher's almanac , which was supposed to give outsiders an insight into the further development of psychoanalysis every year with original articles of high quality. The Zeitschrift für Psychoanalytische Pädagogik has been published by the Zeitschrift für Psychoanalytische Pädagogik since 1927, a subsidiary founded by the IPV, for which Storfer provided the money from an inheritance that he had unexpectedly received. In 1929 Storfer founded the journal Die Psychoanalytische Movement , which was discontinued in 1933 with reference to economic reasons.

The individual editions of Freud's works sold well, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life and The Uneasiness in Culture proved to be 'bestsellers' . The high production costs for the overly lavishly designed edition of Freud's collected writings , the "12 volumes that shook the world" ( Kurt Tucholsky 1932 in the Weltbühne ) but found few buyers, weighed heavily on the publisher. Other authors whose books saw more than one edition were August Aichhorn , Siegfried Bernfeld , Theodor Reik and Anna Freud .

Freud summed up Storfer's work in a letter to Eitingon: “Storfer seems to me like one of those German duo princes who oppressed and sucked their subjects. But after they have been chased away, the little land is owned by a residence with a castle, theater and art collection ... "

Martin Freud's time as publishing director

Freud largely waived his fees. Nevertheless, the publishing house was close to bankruptcy at the end of 1931 and Martin Freud, a son of Freud, who was a lawyer, joined the publishing house as an employee. A few months later he took over from Storfer as publishing director. (Storfer left the publishing house in 1934.) "Despite the donations from Edith Jackson , Marie Bonaparte , AABrill and some of Freud's analysands, a meeting of creditors had to be called in order to present a plan to repay the debts and thus to be granted deferred payments again."

At Easter 1932 Freud made a dramatic appeal to the chairmen of the psychoanalytic associations, in which he reminded them of how much the authors and thus the psychoanalytic movement as a whole owed the publisher. "If the psychoanalytic movement in Germany crumbles, as it would after the demise of the publishing house, you will all, also in England, France and America, feel the disintegration and developmental disorders." The International Psychoanalytic Association decided on this appeal to collect dues for the publisher from its members for the next two years and to set up a publisher's commission chaired by Jones. As a further attempt at support, Freud wrote the new series of lectures on the introduction to psychoanalysis [...]

When the books were burned in Germany in 1933 , Freud's writings were called “Against the overestimation of instinctual instincts that frayed the soul, for the nobility of the human soul! I hand over the writings of Sigmund Freud to the flame. ”Hand over to the fire. The distribution of books by an Austrian publisher was initially still legal, but income fell sharply due to the increasing restrictions in the German book trade. Fewer and fewer books could be produced. The last publishing director was August Baranek, who later, in the 1950s and 1960s, headed the German publishing house of the sciences in East Berlin .

“In March 1936, the Leipzig sales company f. Volckmar confiscated the book stocks of the publishing house by the Gestapo and the sale of the books for Germany was banned. Martin Freund, supported by some diplomatic interventions, succeeded in rescuing the most valuable book stocks out of Germany. ”“ On March 15, 1938, two days after the invasion of the German troops, the publishing house in Berggasse 7 was searched: a provisional director, Anton Sauerwald, took over the business and was commissioned to liquidate the International Psychoanalytical Publishing House, the outpatient clinic and the Vienna Psychoanalytic Association. "

Afterlife

“The destruction of his beloved publishing house by the Nazis had been a blow to Freud, and as soon as he moved to England he looked for means to rebuild it. Fortunately, he came across a kind, intelligent, and enterprising publisher, John Rodker, who immediately started the Imago Publishing Company. This publisher [...] planned a new edition of the collected works as a replacement for the collected writings destroyed by the Nazis. "

The last two volumes of Ferenczi's building blocks of psychoanalysis were brought to the publishing house Hans Huber in Switzerland. This publisher also took over Aichhorn's book Verwahrloste Jugend , which was published in its 11th edition in 2005.

In the 1950s, the great Freud biography of Jones appeared. In the third volume he went into detail on the history of the IPA. Jones used his biography to settle old scores with Rank and Ferenczi by claiming they were both insane.

In the 1970s, some of the IPV's books were published in the series Literatur der Psychoanalyse published by Alexander Mitscherlich at Suhrkamp Verlag ; the Ferenczi selection edition, based on the building blocks and edited by Michael Balint, was published by Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag.

In 1995 the Freud Museum in Vienna organized an exhibition on the IPV. In the foreword to the exhibition catalog, Harald Leupold-Löwenthal wrote: “The wish to trace the interesting history of this publisher and turn it into an exhibition has now come true. It actually takes the place of the efforts of the Sigmund Freud Society at the beginning of its existence to bring the International Psychoanalytical Publishing House back to life, which remained in vain. The changed circumstances of book production make the publication of psychoanalytic literature a difficult task, especially in the German-speaking area - economic considerations must of course be in the foreground, which has never been the case in the history of the International Psychoanalytical Publishing House. "

Numerous volumes of the IPV are now (2008) available in the “Library of Psychoanalysis” of Psychosozial-Verlag . In the production of new psychoanalytical books, however, the economic obstacles mentioned by Leupold-Löwenthal still apply.

See also

literature

in order of appearance

  • Ernest Jones : The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud. Volume 3: The Last Phase 1919–1938. 3. Edition. Publisher Hans Huber, Bern / Stuttgart / Vienna 1982.
  • Lydia Marinelli (Red.): Catalog for the exhibition “Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag 1919–1938”. Freud Museum, Vienna 1995, complete list pp. 75–95.
  • E. James Lieberman: Otto Rank. Life and work. Psychosozial Verlag, Giessen 1997, ISBN 3-932133-13-7 .
  • Michael Schröter (Ed.): Sigmund Freud - Max Eitingon. Correspondence (1906–1939). 2 volumes, edition diskord, Tübingen 2004, ISBN 3-89295-741-X . The publisher is a central theme in this correspondence.
  • Murray G. Hall , Christina Köstner: "... to get hold of all sorts of things for the national library ...". An Austrian institution during the Nazi era . Böhlau, Vienna 2006, ISBN 978-3-205-77504-1 ; in it the chapter Freud's Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag: Eine secretkaufung , pp. 221–228.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Heller, Hugo (1870–1923) , in: Élisabeth Roudinesco ; Michel Plon: Dictionary of Psychoanalysis: Names, Countries, Works, Terms . Translation. Vienna: Springer, 2004, ISBN 3-211-83748-5 , p. 396.
  2. ^ Exhibition catalog Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag 1919–1938, Vienna 1995, p. 13, quotation in the quotation: Correspondence sheet of the International Psychoanalytical Association in: International Journal for Medical Psychoanalysis (5) 1919, p. 56
  3. ↑ Sigmund Freud to the chairmen of the psychoanalytic associations, Easter 1932, quoted from the catalog Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag 1919–1938, Vienna 1995, p. 14.
  4. ↑ biography
  5. ^ On Storfer: Inge Scholz-Strasser, "Adolf Josef Storfer: Journalist, Editor, Director of the International Psychoanalytischer Verlag 1925–1932" in the exhibition catalog Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag 1919–1938, Vienna 1995, pp. 57–74 - Storfer later emigrated to China, then to Australia and died in Melbourne in 1944 at the age of only 56. On Storfer's design strategies (color, fonts, logo) cf. Christof Windgätter: To the files: Publishing and scientific strategies of the early Viennese psychoanalysis. In: Reports on the history of science . Vol. 32, H. 3, 2009, pp. 246-274; ders .: epistemograms. From logos to logos in science. Leipzig 2012.
  6. ^ Exhibition catalog Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag 1919–1938, Vienna 1995, p. 64.
  7. ^ Letter to Eitingon dated June 5, 1932, quoted from the exhibition catalog Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag 1919–1938, Vienna 1995, p. 71.
  8. ↑ a b c Exhibition catalog Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag 1919–1938, Vienna 1995, p. 25.
  9. ↑ Murray G. Hall, Christina Köstner: "... to get hold of all kinds of things for the national library ...". An Austrian institution during the Nazi era . Böhlau, Wien 2006, pp. 221–228, here note 610 to p. 224.
  10. ^ Exhibition catalog Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag 1919–1938, Vienna 1995, p. 27.
  11. ^ Exhibition catalog Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag 1919–1938, Vienna 1995, p. 28.
  12. ↑ Ernest Jones: The life and work of Sigmund Freud. Volume 3: The Last Phase 1919–1938. 3. Edition. Publisher Hans Huber, Bern / Stuttgart / Vienna 1982, p. 276.
  13. ↑ Ernest Jones: The life and work of Sigmund Freud. Volume 3: The Last Phase 1919–1938. 3. Edition. Verlag Hans Huber, Bern / Stuttgart / Vienna 1982, p. 62.
  14. ^ Exhibition catalog Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag 1919–1938, Vienna 1995, p. 7.
  15. ↑ cf. For example Eckart Leiser's call for help, http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~leiser/Projekte.rtf , accessed February 2, 2008.