History of Psychoanalysis

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The history of psychoanalysis began at the end of the 19th century with the work of Sigmund Freud . The psychoanalysis was as a method of modern psychotherapy developed its roots to the 18th century, about to Franz Anton Mesmer , go back (→ history of psychiatry , history of psychotherapy ). Insofar as psychoanalysis practiced criticism of religion and culture , it was also in the tradition of the Enlightenment .

Who writes the history of psychoanalysis?

Freud himself believed that the best way to understand psychoanalysis is to study its history. He wrote his first text on the history of the psychoanalytic movement in 1914, after the break with Alfred Adler and CG Jung , with an apologetic interest. The great biography of Freud by Ernest Jones , which appeared in the 1950s , also follows this tradition of apologetic presentation . Also in the 1950s, Kurt Eissler , one of the founders of the “Sigmund Freud Archives” in New York (1951) conducted numerous interviews with veterans of the “psychoanalytic movement”, as the self-designation was at the time, but these were not published. Eissler's restrictive publication policy, especially with regard to Freud's letters, gave rise to numerous speculations.

Since the 1960s, a historiography developed independent of the International Psychoanalytic Association , whose representatives included Paul Roazen , Henri Ellenberger , Peter Gay , Michael Molnar , Elisabeth Roudinesco , Frank Sulloway , Alexander Etkind and Carl E. Schorske . Authors closely associated with psychoanalysis, such as Helmut Dahmer and Regine Lockot, have also sought a more critical view since the 1970s at the latest.

In methodological terms, psychoanalysis historiography went beyond retelling the life of the pioneers and their theories by examining processes of institutionalization and analyzing the entanglement of psychoanalysis in social and political processes.

Psychoanalysis during Freud's lifetime

1883–1910: beginnings

In 1883 Josef Breuer told Sigmund Freud, who was a neurologist at the time , how he had treated Anna O. , one of his patients who suffered from symptoms of hysteria . This patient simply told her story, about her hallucinations, visual disturbances, paralysis, etc. According to Breuer, after such a treatment, her symptoms subsided before the symptoms completely disappeared, so Anna O. called the treatment “talking cure”.

In 1885 the newly qualified lecturer in neuropathology, Freud, went to Paris on a travel grant to study with Charcot . Charcot's influence proved crucial in Freud's turn to psychopathology.

In 1886 Freud opened his practice in Vienna. Since 1887 he used hypnosis regularly . In the same year he met the nose doctor Wilhelm Fließ , with whom he had an extensive correspondence, which, however, was not published uncensored until 1985.

In 1889 Freud worked with a new patient using Josef Breuer's cathartic method.

In 1893 Breuer and Freud's preliminary communication appeared. About the psychological mechanism of hysterical phenomena . Freud no longer had any doubts about the sexual aetiology of hysteria.

In 1894, the terms defense neuropsychosis and libido appeared in Freud's writings.

In 1895 Breuer and Freud published their studies on hysteria . This year is therefore often referred to as the “year of the birth of psychoanalysis”. The emergence of psychoanalysis can be understood as the "interlocking of three equally important processes":

“It is about Freud's transition from physiology to psychology and the step-by-step discovery of the laws of unconscious mental life, and finally the abandonment of manipulative and suggestive techniques in treatment in favor of free association and a methodically initiated therapeutic self-reflection about the gradual increase from Freud's introspection to systematic self-analysis . "

- Use Grubich-Simitis

From this perspective, psychoanalysis appears as a revolution in the relationship between doctor and patient. Authors more critical of Freud, on the other hand, emphasize that there is also a power imbalance between analyst and analysand in psychoanalysis.

In 1896 Freud first used the term “psychoanalysis” in his essay On the Etiology of Hysteria ; In the same year he gave a lecture on this at the Vienna Association for Psychiatry and Neurology, in which he presented his " seduction theory ", according to which actual sexual abuse plays a decisive role in the pathogenesis of hysteria . Freud soon replaced the seduction theory with his concept of the Oedipus conflict .

Freud's Interpretation of Dreams appeared in 1899 , postdated to 1900.

In 1900 Freud treated Ida Bauer , whose medical history he published in a specialist journal in 1905 under the title Fragments of a Hysteria Analysis ("Dora").

In 1901 Freud's contributions to the psychopathology of everyday life appeared .

In 1902 Freud was appointed associate professor. The Wednesday Psychological Society, a narrow circle of early supporters who met in Freud's waiting room, was born. The Vienna Psychoanalytic Association emerged from it in 1908 .

In 1904 Carl Gustav Jung began the psychoanalysis of Sabina Spielrein . Jung belonged to a group of doctors who deal with psychoanalysis at Burghölzli in Zurich . In the same year Freud's correspondence with Wilhelm Fließ ended .

In 1905 the joke and its relationship to the unconscious and the three essays on the theory of sex appeared .

In 1907 Freud began analyzing the patient who came to be known as the Rat Man .

In 1908, on April 27, the first international psychoanalytic congress took place in Salzburg. Sándor Ferenczi , CG Jung , Karl Abraham , Otto Gross and others took part. Shortly beforehand, in March, Freud published his work Die'kultur 'Sexualmoral und die Moderne Nervos ( The' Cultural 'Sexual Morality and Modern Nervousness) , in which he took a stand on the cultural-philosophical conclusions from psychoanalysis, as Ferenczi and Gross wanted to draw at the time.

In September 1909, Freud, Ferenczi and Jung traveled to the United States , where Freud lectured at Clark University and received an honorary doctorate. His listeners included William James , Franz Boas , James Jackson Putnam and Emma Goldmann .

"The Clark Lectures were the decisive moment for the development of Freud's charisma."

- Eli Zaretsky : Freud's Century. The history of psychoanalysis . Zsolnay, Vienna 2006, p. 121.

1910–1914: beginning institutionalization and early divisions

In 1910, following an idea by Ferenczi, the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPV, or International Psychoanalytical Association, IPA) was founded. Young became u. a. because of the fact that Freud was afraid, in view of the widespread anti-Semitism, that psychoanalysis could be identified too closely with Judaism. However, Freud's proposal to elect Jung as president for life was rejected. Freud's, so to speak, dynastic conception of continuity later played a major role in the importance of Anna Freud in the IPA. - Freud began with the analysis of the "wolf man".

Alfred Adler left the IPV in 1911, followed by Wilhelm Stekel in 1912 . In 1911 the New York Psychoanalytic Society was founded in the USA . Freud mistrusted the success of psychoanalysis in the USA and feared that psychoanalysis would be used as the "maid of psychiatry". Freud's nephew Edward Bernays applied psychoanalytic insight to public relations with great success . - In 1911 Freud published psychoanalytic remarks on an autobiographical case of paranoia (Dementia Paranoides) by Daniel Paul Schreber based on the memorabilia of a nervous patient . In general, however, Freud avoided treating psychotics. The pioneers of psychoanalytic psychosis therapy include a. Victor Tausk , Paul Federn and Frieda Fromm-Reichmann .

In 1912 Theodor Reik presented the first major psychoanalytic literary work with his dissertation Flaubert and his 'Temptation of Saint Anthony' . Similar works appeared in Imago , the journal founded in 1912 for the application of psychoanalysis to the natural and human sciences. The co-founder of Imago Hanns Sachs published the American Imago magazine in the USA from 1939 , which is still published today. - In the course of 1912 it became increasingly clear that the personal and factual differences between Freud and Jung could not be bridged. From Freud's point of view, Adler and Jung, by downplaying the importance of sexuality, revealed a crucial insight into psychoanalysis.

In 1913 the “Secret Committee”, which consisted of Karl Abraham , Sandor Ferenczi , Ernest Jones , Otto Rank and Hanns Sachs , was founded. Max Eitingon joined in 1919 . Pierre Janet gave a lecture at an international medical congress in London in which he criticized Freud's theories.

In 1914 Carl Gustav Jung resigned as President of the Psychoanalytical Association. Freud published On the Introduction of Narcissism , a work that became a "turning point" in psychoanalytic theory. “One of the reasons why Freud wrote this work may have been the desire to oppose the narcissistic concept of the non-sexual 'libido' boys and the 'male protest' Adler as an alternative.” The introduction of primary narcissism broke the dualism of self-preservation instincts and the sex drive of the early drive theory, the description of the origin of conscience anticipated the theory of the superego .

1914–1919: World War and Revolution

Several psychoanalytic societies were established during the First World War , including a. in the Netherlands and Spain. As a result of the successful treatment of war neuroses, government agencies were also interested in psychoanalysis for the first time. In September 1918 a psychoanalytic congress was held in Budapest. At times it seemed that the future of psychoanalysis lay in Hungary . Ferenczi received a university professorship under the regime of Béla Kun . After the fall of Kun, however, an anti-Semitic wave began among the “whites” in Hungary. a. Melanie Klein arranged to leave Hungary.

In Austria the economic situation after the First World War was catastrophic. This paved the way for the later "western orientation" of psychoanalysis, as Freud had gone over, for economic reasons, to analyzing mainly wealthy American and British patients and prospective analysts.

1919–1933: Post-war period and Weimar Republic

In January 1919 the International Psychoanalytical Publishing House was founded. The publisher's first book was an anthology about war neuroses.

In Beyond the Pleasure Principle (written from March 1919, published December 1920) Freud postulated the death drive . To date, this hypothesis has been rejected by many psychoanalysts. Among the few who accepted her in their own way are Melanie Klein and Jacques Lacan .

Siegfried Bernfeld and Wera Schmidt made the first attempts at a psychoanalytically oriented upbringing of children. In 1926 the journal for psychoanalytic education was founded.

In 1920 the Société psychanalytique de Genève was founded .

The Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute became a center for psychoanalysis in the 1920s. The polyclinic was opened in February 1920, the second facility of its kind. It enabled financially weak patients to receive psychoanalytic counseling and treatment. In May 1922 a similar “outpatient clinic” was opened in Vienna, closed in 1938 and only reopened in 1999.

The three-part training (theoretical courses, training analysis, treatment of the first patients under supervision) was implemented for the first time at the Berlin institute and later became the standard worldwide. It is controversial whether this formalization was beneficial for the training of psychoanalysis.

In 1922 the 7th international psychoanalytic congress took place in Berlin. It was the last that Freud himself took part.

Paul Federn ( On the Psychology of the Revolution: The Fatherless Society , 1919) and Freud ( Mass Psychology and Ego Analysis , 1921) founded psychoanalytic social psychology . In 1921 André Breton visited Freud in Vienna. The surrealists enthusiastically received Freud's writings, who was rather irritated by them.

In 1924 and 1925, Trigant Burrow served as president of the American Psychoanalytic Association, founded in 1911 . At the same time he propagated the group analysis he founded . This aroused the displeasure of Freud, who delayed the publication of a lecture by Burrow in the International Journal of Psychoanalysis for three years and dismissed his theses as confused drivel .

Karl Abraham died in Berlin in 1925. Melanie Klein lectured for three weeks in London in July and emigrated to Great Britain the following year. Her work was formative for British psychoanalysis. August Aichhorn published Neglected Youth. Psychoanalysis in Welfare Education . Freud wrote in his preface: “The child has become the chief object of psychoanalytic research; In this sense it has replaced the neurotic on whom she began her research. "

In 1926 the Société psychanalytique de Paris was founded. Freud sent a group of experienced educationalists to Paris to assist Marie Bonaparte .

In 1927 Freud's essay The Future of an Illusion, critical of religion, appeared . Wilhelm Reich published the function of the orgasm: Zur Psychopathologie u. to sociology d. Sex life, which marks the beginning of his “conflict with Freud”, which ended in Reichs exclusion in 1934 (see below). Until 1930, however, Reich continued to lead the technical seminar in Vienna. In addition to the treatment technique (Reich's character analysis , Ferenczi's “active technique”), the psychoanalysis of female sexuality and lay analysis were particularly controversial topics in the 1920s .

With the departure of Franz Alexander , Karen Horney and Sándor Radó from Berlin (1930–1932), emigration of prominent psychoanalysts to the USA began before 1933 . The reasons for this were the global economic crisis and the attempts to spread the “Berlin model” of training internationally, for which experienced training analysts were required.

In 1932 Melanie Klein's book The Psychoanalysis of the Child and Jacques Lacan's dissertation were published.

1933–1939: Period of National Socialism

Sandor Ferenczi died in 1933. Freud and Ferenczi had recently become increasingly estranged from each other. a. because Freud refused Ferenczi's treatment experiments. Despite Michael Balint's efforts to keep Ferenczi's legacy alive, his outstanding contribution to psychoanalysis remained largely undervalued well into the 1980s, not least of which Ernest Jones ' defamatory remarks in his Freud biography contributed to.

When the books were burned in Germany in 1933 , Freud's books were also publicly burned. The board of directors of the German Psychoanalytic Society (DPG) consisted of three Jews (Eitingon, Simmel, Fenichel). On March 6, 1933, the DPG refused to change the composition of the offices at a general assembly. On November 18, 1933, Eitingon resigned as chairman. He emigrated to Palestine. The board now consisted of the non-Jewish members Carl Müller-Braunschweig and Felix Boehm .

After Freud had decided in early 1932 to take “steps against Reich”, Wilhelm Reich's book Character Analysis was not published in 1933 by the psychoanalytical publishing house, as agreed, but by Reich self-published. In July 1933, Reich was expelled by a secret resolution of the Berlin executive committee of the DPG, but was not informed.

In August 1934, at the 13th Congress of Psychoanalysts in Lucerne, Reich was also excluded from the IPA, again without giving reasons and with the official notice that he had resigned. Because the Reich, banished from the IPA, settled in Copenhagen in 1934 and in Oslo from 1935 , had numerous students there and was active as a journalist ( Sexpol publishing house and magazine for political psychology and sexual economics ), there were complications with the constitution of the Scandinavian national associations of the IPV . In 1934, for example, the Svenska psykoanalytiska föreningen (SPaF), which was free from Reich's influence, was founded as a Swedish sub-organization of the IPA. The Danish section was incorporated into the IPA in 1957, the Norwegian in 1975.

On December 1, 1935, a meeting of the DPG took place in Berlin, chaired by Jones, at which the remaining Jewish members were asked to 'voluntarily' resign from the DPG. The non-Jewish analyst Bernhard Kamm resigned his membership in protest and emigrated with his Jewish colleagues. The remaining non-Jewish analysts took part in the German Institute for Psychological Research and Psychotherapy founded in May 1936 and headed by Matthias Heinrich Göring .

By Anna Freud in 1936 published The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense . Sigmund Freud published The Finite and the Infinite Analysis in 1937 .

The DPG was dissolved in 1938. After the connection of Austria to the German Reich in the same year Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud and other Viennese analysts to Great Britain emigrated. Freud died on September 23, 1939. In the same year the book The Man Moses and the Monotheistic Religion was published . “With emigration, a new era began, from which psychoanalysis emerged damaged.” ( Paul Parin ) Politically committed psychoanalysts could only continue their socially critical discussions in private circles. The medicalization of psychoanalysis in the USA (reduction of psychoanalysis to psychotherapy with the aim of adapting the individual) had an impact on Europe after the Second World War .

“The destruction of the psychoanalytic community during National Socialism, with its various evaluations and assignments of blame, has already been thought about and mourned a lot; it probably cannot end at all. "

- Regine Lockot : Psyche (2010)

According to Freud

1939–1945: Second World War

During the Second World War, new fields of application were found for group analysis, especially with traumatized soldiers. In New York , Jakob Levy Moreno and Samuel Slavson rivaled for dominance in the rapidly expanding group psychotherapy . Slavson took an orthodox-analytical position. At the Northfield Military Center near Birmingham , both Wilfred Bion and SH Foulkes worked with analytical groups in a row . In his seminal essay Group dynamics a review (1952), Bion showed how the primitive psychotic mechanisms first investigated by Melanie Klein operate in groups.

In Great Britain, the last stronghold of psychoanalysis in Europe, there were very controversial discussions between Anna Freud and Melanie Klein (and their respective supporters) during the war.

In 1942 the Asosiación Psicoanálitica Argentina (APA) was founded. Psychoanalysis was not able to establish itself in Latin America until late, but then took a stormy development, which was significantly influenced by Klein, Lacan and Marie Langer , who came from Vienna and worked in Buenos Aires .

The psychoanalyst John Rittmeister was executed in May 1943 for participating in the resistance. The psychoanalyst Karl Landauer was also one of the victims of National Socialism . "He died in January 1945 in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp of the consequences of his imprisonment."

After 1945

Alexander Mitscherlich , Felix Schottlaender and Hans Kunz founded the magazine Psyche in 1947 . As the original subtitle ( A yearbook for depth psychology and anthropology in research and practice ) suggests, Psyche was initially conceived as a cross-school organ. In the same year, Igor Caruso founded the Vienna Working Group for Depth Psychology .

In 1949 Guy Leclerc published the article La psychanalyse, idéologie de basse police et d'espionnage in the communist newspaper L'Humanité . The French Communist Party began its campaign against psychoanalysis.

In 1950, Müller-Braunschweig founded the German Psychoanalytical Association (DPV), the DPG remained under the influence of Harald Schultz-Hencke . Psychoanalysis was meanwhile widespread in the USA and influenced - until the 1970s dominated by ego psychology - there also psychiatry. Melanie Klein's work was little known in the USA for a long time.

1952 held Pius XII. a speech on the dangers associated with psychoanalysis.

1953 resigned Juliette Favez-Boutonnier , Daniel Lagache , Françoise Dolto , Jacques Lacan and others from the Société Psychanalytique de Paris . In France, institutional psychotherapy spread as a link between psychoanalytically inspired therapies and the establishment of therapeutic communities in psychiatric institutions. Its beginnings go back to the time of the Second World War ( François Tosquelles ). Jacques Lacan founded the École freudienne de Paris together with Françoise Dolto in 1964 . The introduction of passe , a special approval mechanism by Lacan, led to the split-off of the Quatrième groupe ( Piera Aulagnier et al.) In 1969 .

In Great Britain, Donald Winnicott became a leading proponent of object relationship theory and child psychoanalysis . Winnicott, who was initially a pediatrician, combined direct observation of the child with analytical work.

In 1960 the Sigmund Freud Institute was opened in Frankfurt am Main . Alexander Mitscherlich was the director until 1976 . In the student movement there was a strong interest in Freud and Reich (in Germany) and Lacan (in France).

In the 1970s, the new theories of narcissism ( Heinz Kohut , Otto Kernberg ) were discussed intensively. Since then, psychoanalytic film theory has also played an important role in film studies. Some of the feminists attacked psychoanalysis sharply, while others defended it as an indispensable instrument of analysis and developed it further ( Luce Irigaray , Juliet Mitchell and others). The confrontation between post-structuralism and psychoanalysis became of great theoretical importance .

In 1973 René Major founded the Forum Confrontation in Paris to enable cross-school dialogue.

In 1977 the Swiss Society for Psychoanalysis split up and the Zurich Psychoanalytic Seminar was founded.

In 1979 Wilfred Bion died, in 1981 Jacques Lacan.

In 1985 a congress (the 34th) of the IPA took place in Germany for the first time since World War II . In this context, there was an increased examination of the role of German psychoanalysts during the National Socialist era .

In 1991, a psychotherapy law came into force in Austria , and Germany followed in 1999. The consequences of the Austrian law are controversial.

Despite Freud's opposing stance, psychoanalysts have pathologized homosexuality for decades. In 1973, against the opposition of many psychoanalysts, US psychiatrists deleted homosexuality from their diagnostic manual. In 1991 the American Psychoanalytical Association distanced itself from its discriminatory stance. Since then, gays and lesbians in the USA can openly become psychoanalysts. Not all psychoanalysts followed the new line. Charles Socarides co-founded the National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality in 1992 , which advocates reparative therapies . The approach of gay affirmative psychotherapy stands in the way of this.

In July 2000, the États Généraux de la Psychanalyse took place in Paris .

In 2004 the first congress of psychoanalysts of the Arabic language took place in Beirut .

present

Psychoanalysis has been faced with numerous challenges since the turn of the millennium: the aggressive de-idealization of psychoanalysis (especially in the USA), a lack of communication between the different schools, the pressure for shorter treatments resulting from the economization of the health care system, etc. increased interest in cooperation with neurosciences, which u. a. which produced neuropsychoanalysis .

In the book Biology and the future of psychoanalysis: a new intellectual framework for psychiatry , published in 1999, Nobel laureate Eric Kandel called for an intensification of the dialogue between psychoanalysis and neurobiology. His opinion was that without neuroscientific findings, psychoanalysis would no longer play an important role in the future. Accordingly, the current discussion is not only about the clinic, but also about the social function of psychoanalysis and its applications. In 2000 the book Clinical Studies in Neuro-Psychoanalysis , translated into German as Neuro-Psychoanalysis , by Mark Solms and Karen Kaplan-Solms , which contains a scientific presentation of case studies and theories. In the following years further publications appeared and the echo in newspapers and magazines was great. Often a reference was also sought to Freud, who himself wanted to base his psychological research on a neurobiological basis at the beginning, but did not do so because of the unadvances in the state in which neurobiology was at that time.

Werner Bohleber (2013) sums up the development of psychoanalysis in the cultural change of social guiding principles of individuality, self and sexuality and their positioning in the age of late modernism and globalization: He states a growing departure from the classic intrapsychic model of Freudian provenance to the intersubjective paradigm in the form of a concept transfer , which is perceived as a current theoretical challenge posed by postmodern thinking . There has been a change from the authoritarian, dogmatic and orthodox self-understanding of Freudian tradition to the plurality of psychoanalytic approaches and the democratization of the therapeutic relationship, which takes this change into account and above all places the therapist's personality and its influence in the theoretical focus. The current self suffers less from Freudian discomfort in (repressive) culture (1930) than from overwhelming arbitrariness. The postmodern conception of a complete dissolution of an essence-free and history-free self into actualistic, intersubjective references should be countered with a psychoanalytic concept of the self, which reflects its historical conditioning and becoming. The abolition of the historically grown self-isolation of psychoanalysis (Freud-Bleuler controversy, 1910) and its (re) integration into general and university academic life is an equally urgent and open question .

Seems equally unclear, given the diversity of psychoanalysis n and psychoanalyst n internal question of the theoretical identity, the Common Ground of psychoanalysis. In 2009 the IPA congress in Chicago addressed the topic Psychoanalytic Practice: Alignments and Differences Plurality, Convergence and Divergence of Psychoanalytic Perspectives and the possibility of internal, cross-school discussion in view of the existing inconsistencies in psychoanalysis.

literature

Printed sources

  • Journal of Political Psychology and Sexual Economics. 1934-1938 . Edited by Ernst Parell (d. I. Wilhelm Reich ); Reprints as pirated prints around 1970; Tables of Contents and some articles online .
  • Sigmund Freud: Letters to Wilhelm Fliess. 1887-1904 . Edited by Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson , arrangement of the German version by Michael Schröter, S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1986, ISBN 3-10-022802-2 .
  • Sabina Spielrein : diary and letters. The woman between Jung and Freud . Kore 1986 (new edition: Psychosozial-Verlag 2003).
  • Sándor Ferenczi : There is no cure without sympathy: The clinical diary of 1932 . S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1988 (as paperback 1999, ISBN 3-596-14269-5 ).
  • Otto Fenichel : 119 circular letters . 1934-1945. Edited by Johannes Reichmayr and Elke Mühlleitner, 2 volumes, Stroemfeld, Frankfurt am Main 1998, ISBN 3-87877-565-2 .
  • The "Secret Committee" circulars . Edited by Gerhard Wittenberger and Christfried Tögel, 4 volumes, edition diskord, Tübingen 1999–2006.
  • Freud's analysis. Ernst Blum's meeting minutes . Edited by Manfred Pohlen, Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 2006.
  • Hermann Nunberg , Ernst Federn (Ed.): Protocols of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Association, Volumes I – IV . Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2008.

reference books

  • Elke Mühlleitner: Biographical Lexicon of Psychoanalysis. The members of the Psychological Wednesday Society and the Vienna Psychoanalytical Association 1902–1938 . edition diskord, Tübingen 1992.
  • Elisabeth Roudinesco , Michel Plon : Dictionnaire de la psychanalyse . Fayard, Paris 1997 (German: Dictionary of Psychoanalysis . Springer, Vienna / New York 2004).
  • Johannes Reichmayr : Psychoanalysis and Ethnology. Biographical lexicon of psychoanalytic ethnology, ethnopsychoanalysis and intercultural psychoanalytic therapy . Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2003.
  • Dictionnaire international de la psychanalysis in 2 volumes . Edited by Alain de Mijolla, Hachette, Paris 2005 (extended American edition: International dictionary of psychoanalysis . Thomson Gale, Detroit 2005).

Representations

  • Didier Anzieu : Freud's self-analysis and the discovery of psychoanalysis . 2 volumes. Verlag Internationale Psychoanalyse, Munich / Vienna 1990 (first in French: L'auto-analyze de Freud et la découverte de la psychanalyse . 1959).
  • Geoffrey Cocks: Psychotherapy in the Third Reich: The Goering Institute . Oxford University Press, New York 1985 (revised new edition: Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick 1997).
  • Helmut Dahmer : Libido and Society. Studies on Freud and the Freudian Left . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1973.
  • Annemarie Dührssen : A Century of Psychoanalytic Movement in Germany. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1994
  • Henri F. Ellenberger: The Discovery of the Unconscious. History and development of dynamic psychiatry from its beginnings to Janet, Freud, Adler and Jung . Diogenes, Zurich 2005.
  • Mario Erdheim : The social production of unconsciousness. An introduction to the ethno-psychoanalytical process . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1982 (largely a study on the social context of the development of psychoanalysis).
  • Karl Fallend, Bernd Nitzschke (Ed.): The "Fall" Wilhelm Reich. Contributions to the relationship between psychoanalysis and politics . Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2002.
  • Sigmund Freud : self-expression . Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1993.
  • Claudine Geissmann, Pierre Geissmann: Histoire de la psychanalyse de l'enfant. Mouvements, ideas, perspectives . 2nd edition, Bayard, Paris 2004.
  • Nathan G. Hale, Freud and the Americans . 2 volumes. Oxford University, Oxford.
    • Volume 1: The Beginnings of Psychoanalysis in the United States, 1876-1917 . 1972.
    • Volume 2: The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States. Freud and the Americans, 1917-1985 . 1995.
  • Ernest Jones : The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud . 3 volumes. 3. Edition. Huber, Bern 1982 (first in English: The life and work of Sigmund Freud . 3 volumes. Hogarth, London 1953–1957).
  • Hans Lampl: The clinic's consultation hour . In: Ten Years of the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute . International Psychoanalytischer Verlag, Vienna 1930.
  • Marina Leitner: A well-kept secret. The history of psychoanalytic treatment technology from its beginnings in Vienna to the founding of the Berlin Polyclinic in 1920 . Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2001.
  • Regine Lockot: Remembering and working through. On the history of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy under National Socialism . Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1985 (new edition: Regine Lockot: The cleaning of psychoanalysis. The German Psychoanalytical Society in the mirror of documents and contemporary witnesses (1933–1951) . Edition Diskord, Tübingen 1994).
  • Hans-Martin Lohmann (ed.): Psychoanalysis and National Socialism. Contributions to processing an unresolved trauma . Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1994.
  • Lydia Marinelli : Psyche's canon. On the publication history of psychoanalysis around the International Psychoanalytical Publishing House. Turia + Kant, Vienna 2009.
  • Lydia Marinelli: Tricks of the Evidence. On the history of psychoanalytic media. Turia + Kant, Vienna 2009.
  • Lydia Marinelli, Andreas Mayer: Dreams after Freud. The "Interpretation of Dreams" and the History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. Turia + Kant, Vienna 2011 (3rd edition, first in 2002).
  • Andreas Mayer: Microscopy of the Psyche. The beginnings of psychoanalysis in the hypnosis laboratory . Wallstein, Göttingen 2002.
  • Andreas Peglau: Non-political science? Wilhelm Reich and Psychoanalysis in National Socialism. Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2013, ISBN 978-3-8379-2097-0
  • Johannes Reichmayr : Ethnopsychoanalysis. History, concepts, applications . Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2003.
  • Horst-Eberhard Richter : Psychoanalysis and Politics. On the history of political psychoanalysis . Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2003.
  • Paul Roazen : How Freud Worked. First-hand reports from patients . Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 1999.
  • Elisabeth Roudinesco : Vienna - Paris. The history of psychoanalysis in France. 1885-1939 . Quadriga, Weinheim / Berlin 1994 (original title: La bataille de cent ans. Histoire de la psychanalyse en France ).
  • Eli Zaretsky: Freud's Century. The history of psychoanalysis . Zsolnay, Vienna 2006, ISBN 3-552-05372-7 ( table of contents , PDF ).

Journals on the history of psychoanalysis

See also: Psychoanalytic journals
  • Revue Internationale d'Histoire de la Psychanalysis . Presses Univ. de France, Paris 1988-1993, ISSN  0987-7878 .
  • Lucifer Cupid. Journal of the History of Psychoanalysis . Ed. Diskord, Tübingen 1988ff., ISSN  0933-3347 .
  • Psyche. Journal of Psychoanalysis and Its Applications . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1947ff., ISSN  0033-2623 (often historical articles).
  • Yearbook of Psychoanalysis . Contributions to theory, practice and history . Westdeutscher Verlag, Cologne / Opladen 1960–1961; Huber, Bern / Stuttgart 1963–1980; Frommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt 1980ff., ISSN  0075-2363 (often historical essays).

Web links

German

English

French

Individual evidence

  1. ^ J. Breuer and S. Freud: Studies on hysteria. Leipzig and Vienna 1895.
  2. ^ Henri F. Ellenberger: The discovery of the unconscious. History and development of dynamic psychiatry from its beginnings to Janet, Freud, Adler and Jung . Diogenes, Zurich 2005.
  3. ^ Ernest Jones: The life and work of Sigmund Freud . 3 volumes, 1st edition, Hogarth, London 1953–1957. German: The life and work of Sigmund Freud . 3 volumes, 3rd edition, Huber, Bern 1982: Volume 1: The development of personality and the great discoveries 1856–1900 . ISBN 3-456-81193-4 . Volume 2: Years of Maturity 1901–1919 . ISBN 3-456-81194-2 . Volume 3: The Last Phase 1919–1939 . ISBN 3-456-81195-0 . The biography has remained one of the preferred forms of psychoanalysis historiography, cf. z. B. the great biographies of Melanie Klein (by Phyllis Grosskurth) and Anna Freud (by Elisabeth Young-Bruehl).
  4. ^ In addition to Freud's early essays, a censored edition of Freud's letters to Wilhelm Fließ contained the volume: Sigmund Freud: From the beginnings of psychoanalysis. Letters to Wilhelm Fliess. Treatises and notes from 1887–1902 . Edited by Marie Bonaparte, Anna Freud and Ernst Kris, Imago, London 1950. It was not until 1986 (in English translation as early as 1985) that an unabridged edition of these letters appeared: Sigmund Freud: Briefe an Wilhelm Fliess. 1887-1904 . Edited by Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson, arrangement of the German version by Michael Schröter, S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1986, ISBN 3-10-022802-2 . On the speculations cf. Yosef Hayin Yerushalmi: Series Z: an archive fantasy. In: Psyche 50, 1996, pp. 1086-1102.
  5. ↑ See lastly the ambitious work by Eli Zaretsky: Freuds Jahrhundert. The history of psychoanalysis . Zsolnay, Vienna 2006, ISBN 3-552-05372-7 ( table of contents  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this note. , PDF ) in which he tries a kind of overall interpretation.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.gbv.de  
  6. ↑ Ernest Jones: The life and work of Sigmund Freud . Vol. 1, Bern 1982, p. 222. Cf. also Freud's travel report: Sigmund Freud: Report on my study trip to Paris and Berlin undertaken with a university anniversary travel grant. In: ders .: self-presentation. Writings on the history of psychoanalysis . Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1973, pp. 127–138.
  7. ^ Sigmund Freud: Letters to Wilhelm Fliess. 1887-1904 . Edited by Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson , arrangement of the German version by Michael Schröter, S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1986, ISBN 3-10-022802-2 .
  8. ↑ Ilse Grubich-Simitis: Introduction: Sigmund Freud's life story and the beginnings of psychoanalysis. In: Sigmund Freud: Self-Presentation. Writings on the history of psychoanalysis . Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1973, pp. 7–33, here p. 8.
  9. ↑ Sigmund Freud: The Interpretation of Dreams by Dr. Sigm. Freud . F. Deuticke, Leipzig / Vienna 1900.
  10. ↑ 1904 followed the publication in book form: Sigmund Freud: Zur Psychopathologie des Alltagsleben. About forgetting, promising, grasping, superstition, etc. Mistake. S. Karger, Berlin 1904.
  11. ↑ Sigmund Freud: The joke and its relationship to the unconscious . F. Deuticke, Leipzig / Vienna 1905.
  12. ↑ Sigmund Freud: Three treatises on the theory of sex . F. Deuticke, Leipzig / Vienna 1905.
  13. ↑ See comments on a case of obsessional neurosis [1909]. In: Sigmund Freud: Freud study edition . Edited by Alexander Mitscherlich. Vol. 7: Compulsion, Paranoia and Perversion . S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1973, ISBN 3-10-822707-6 , pp. 31-103.
  14. ↑ Sigmund Freud: The 'cultural' sexual morality and modern nervousness . In: Sexual Problems (Mutterschutz, NF), Volume 4, No. 3 (March 1908), pp. 107–129; later various prints.
  15. ↑ See chap. 4 by Bernd A. Laska : Otto Gross between Max Stirner and Wilhelm Reich . In: Raimund Dehmlow / Gottfried Heuer (ed.): Bohème, Psychoanalysis & Revolution . Marburg 2003, pp. 125-162
  16. ↑ Cf. Sándor Ferenczi : About the necessity of a union of followers of Freud's teaching and suggestions for the establishment of a permanent international organization  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (1910); in: ders .: Baussteine ​​der Psychoanalyse, Volume III, pp. 275–289; on this: Michael Ermann : Sándor Ferenczi and the institutional conflict of psychoanalysis ( Memento from July 1, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 962 kB). In: Elke Metzner, Martin Schimkus (ed.): The founding of the International Psychoanalytic Association by Freud and Jung. Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2011, pp. 75–90@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / psyalpha.net  
  17. ↑ Freud's medical history from the history of an infantile neurosis was first published in 1918. It is printed together with other texts that document the further life of the "Wolfsmann" in: Der Wolfsmann vom Wolfsmann. Sigmund Freud's most famous case. Memories. Reports and diagnoses . Edited by Muriel Gardiner , updated edition, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1982.
  18. ↑ See e.g. B. Jung's aggressive letter of December 18, 1912. In: Sigmund Freud, CG Jung: Correspondence . S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1974, pp. 594-595.
  19. ↑ Cf. Gerhard Wittenberger: Sigmund Freud's “Secret Committee”: Processes of institutionalization in the “psychoanalytic movement” between 1912 and 1927 . Tübingen 1995.
  20. ↑ Preliminary editorial note to On the Introduction of Narcissism . In: Sigmund Freud: Psychology of the Unconscious . Study edition, Volume III, Frankfurt am Main 1982, p. 39.
  21. ↑ Preliminary editorial note to On the Introduction of Narcissism . In: Sigmund Freud: Psychology of the Unconscious . Study edition, Volume III, Frankfurt am Main 1982, p. 40.
  22. ↑ Cf. Freud's lecture Paths of Psychoanalytic Therapy . In: Sigmund Freud: Writings on treatment technology . Study edition, supplementary volume, Frankfurt am Main 1982, pp. 239–249.
  23. ^ Siegfried Bernfeld: Kinderheim Baumgarten: Report on e. serious attempt at a new education . Jewish publishing house, Berlin 1921.
  24. ↑ Wera Schmidt: Psychoanalytical Education in Soviet Russia: Report on d. Children's home laboratory in Moscow . Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, Vienna 1924; or Alexander Ertkind: Eros of the impossible. The history of psychoanalysis in Russia . Kiepenheuer, Cologne 1996.
  25. ^ The first was the London Brunswick Square Clinic, which was founded independently of the International Psychoanalytic Association. Cf. Michael Schröter: On the early history of lay analysis . In: Psyche , 50th year, 1996, issue 12, pp. 1127–1175, pp. 1162ff.
  26. ↑ On the history of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Outpatient Clinic ( Memento from June 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ).
  27. ^ Siegfried Bernfeld: About the psychoanalytic training (1952) . In: Psyche , vol. 38, pp. 437–459. Bernfeld particularly emphasized the distortion of the transference situation in training analysis by the real power of the training analyst.
  28. ↑ Michael Schröter: Full speed ahead: The 7th International Psychoanalytic Congress in Berlin (September 25-27, 1922). In: Psyche , Volume 61, Issue 4, April 2007, pp. 412–437.
  29. ↑ Dieter Sandner: The justification of group analysis by Trigant Burrow - its significance for modern group analysis . In: Pritz / Vykoukal: group psychoanalysis . 2nd edition, Vienna 2003, pp. 135–160.
  30. ↑ August Aichhorn: Neglected youth. Psychoanalysis in Welfare Education . 11th edition, Huber, Bern 2005, p. 7.
  31. ^ Elisabeth Roudinesco: Vienna - Paris. The history of psychoanalysis in France. 1885-1939 . (Original title: La bataille de cent ans. Histoire de la psychanalyse en France .) Quadriga Verlag, Weinheim / Berlin 1994, p. 306.
  32. ↑ See Lucifer Amor . Volume 36: On the history of psychoanalytic technique , edition diskord.
  33. ^ Michael Balint: The technical experiments of Sandor Ferenczis . In: Psyche , 20th year, 1966, pp. 904–925.
  34. ↑ Jones claimed that Ferenczi was the last to become psychotic, which is demonstrably wrong. Ferenczi suffered from a neurological disease. See the special issue of the magazine Psyche from May 1999: Sándor Ferenczi: On the topicality of a long-forgotten pioneer .
  35. ^ Sigmund Freud: Diary 1929–1939. Shortest chronicle. Edited by Michael Molnar. Stroemfeld, Basel / Frankfurt am Main 1996, entry from January 1, 1932.
  36. ↑ On these intricate secret diplomatic processes that remained in the dark for decades, cf. Karl Fallend / Bernd Nitzschke (ed.): The "Fall" Wilhelm Reich. Frankfurt am Main 1997. In addition the subsequent controversy in the journal Psyche : Michael Schröter: Manichean construction: criticism of two studies on Wilhelm Reich and his conflicts with the DPG / IPV (1933–34). In: Psyche , 52nd year, issue 2, February 1998, pp. 176–196; Karl Fallend / Bernd Nitzschke: 'Diplomatic' construct. A reply to Michael Schröter's story of the exclusion of Wilhelm Reich from the DPG / IPV in 1933/34 . In: Psyche , 52nd year, 1998, pp. 77–83; as well as the reply by Helmut Dahmer: Psychoanalytische Vereingeschichte, told 'differently'. On a 'criticism' by Michael Schröter. In: Werkblatt. Journal of Psychoanalysis and Social Criticism . No. 40, 1998, pp. 106-123.
  37. ↑ The reasons were to be submitted in a later edition of the International Journal of Psychoanalysis , but this did not happen. That is why Reich published a presentation of the process from his point of view in 1935 in the journal for political psychology and sex economy that he edited
  38. ^ Training of psychoanalysts at The Swedish Psychoanalytic Institute ( Memento of November 3, 2007 in the Internet Archive ). On: www.spaf.a.se.
  39. ^ Andreas Peglau: The political psychoanalysis and its repressed exponent Wilhelm Reich . HaGalil , December 3, 2013. In detail in this: Non-political science? Wilhelm Reich and Psychoanalysis in National Socialism. Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2013
  40. ↑ Paul Parin: The damage to psychoanalysis in the Anglo-Saxon emigration and their return to Europe. In: Psyche , Vol. 44, Issue 3, pp. 191–201.
  41. ↑ Russell Jacoby: The repression of psychoanalysis or the triumph of conformism . S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main.
  42. ↑ Regine Lockot: DPV and DPG on the thin ice of DGPT. On the history of the relationship between the German Psychoanalytic Association (DPV) and the German Psychoanalytic Society (DPG) within the German Society for Psychotherapy and Depth Psychology (DGPT) until 1967 . In: Psyche . tape 64 , no. 12 , 2010, p. 1207 ( dgpt.de [PDF; 385 kB ; accessed on August 19, 2020]).
  43. ↑ A detailed description of the disputes can be found in Phyllis Grosskurth: Melanie Klein. Your world and your work . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1993.
  44. ↑ On psychoanalysis in Latin America, cf. B. Marie Langer: From Vienna to Managua. Paths of a Psychoanalyst . 3rd edition, Kore, Freiburg 1991.
  45. ↑ Frankfurter Psychoanalytisches Institut e. V .: On the history of psychoanalysis in Frankfurt ( Memento from July 3, 2007 in the Internet Archive ). On: fpi.de.
  46. ↑ See: Karen Brecht et al .: "Here life goes on in a very strange way." On the history of psychoanalysis in Germany. Michael Kellner Publishing House, Hamburg 1985
  47. ↑ Cf. August Ruhs: Some Remarks on the Crisis of Psychoanalysis ( Memento of November 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ). In: Les Etats Généraux de la Psychoanalysis . Paris, 8.-11. July 2000.
  48. ↑ See his famous 1935 letter to the mother of a homosexual, printed in Jones 1984, Volume 3, pp. 233-234.
  49. ↑ See Journal of gay & lesbian psychotherapy 6, 2002, Number 1.
  50. ↑ See the German website: Les Etats Généraux de la Psychanalyse. Psychoanalysis on the brink of a new millennium. General Estates of Psychoanalysis ( Memento of April 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive ).
  51. ↑ Cf. Eli Zaretsky: Freuds Rufmörder im Zeitalter der Deidealisierung In: Psyche , April 1999, pp. 373–391.
  52. ↑ See e.g. B. Elisabeth Roudinesco: Why psychoanalysis? Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2002.
  53. ↑ The brain on the couch , DIE ZEIT, September 10, 2009.
  54. ↑ PDF ( Memento from May 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Neuropsychoanalysis. A reflection on the epistemic conditions of their meaningfulness by Milan Scheidegger
  55. ↑ The brain on the couch article in Die Zeit , No. 38, September 10, 2009
  56. ↑ Articles said dead live longer in the brain and spirit .
  57. ↑ See his draft of a psychology , written in 1895. (PDF; 328 kB)
  58. ↑ Werner Bohleber: Cultural change in psychoanalysis . Lecture at the Lindau Psychotherapy Weeks 2013 (PDF, 543 kB)
  59. ↑ cf. Werner Bohleber and Claudia Frank in the editorial for the pre-publication of planned lectures. Archived copy ( Memento from May 20, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), PDF (1.96 MB)