Emma Goldman

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Emma Goldman around 1915, photographer: George Grantham Bain (1865–1944)

Emma Goldman (June 15 jul. / 27. June  1869 greg. In Kovno , Russian Empire - 14. May 1940 in Toronto , Canada ) was mainly in the United States and Europe active anarchist , peace activist , Antimilitaristin, atheist and feminist Theorist. She became known through her writings and speeches, hailed as a "rebellious woman" by supporters and accused by critics of advocating politically motivated murders and violent uprisings.

Goldman played a pivotal role in the development of anarchist political philosophy in the United States and Europe in the first half of the 20th century. She emigrated to the United States at the age of 17 and was later deported to Russia , where she witnessed the effects of the 1917 Russian Revolution . She spent several years in the south of France, where she wrote her autobiography Lived Life and other works, before she took part in the Spanish Civil War in 1936 as the English-speaking representation of the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI) in London. She is considered a prominent figure in both US anarchism and the early US peace movement. Her writings cover a wide variety of topics including prisons, atheism, free speech, militarism, capitalism, marriage, free love, and homosexuality. She found new ways to integrate the gender issue into anarchism.

Life

Early years

Emma Goldman 1886

Emma Goldman, daughter of a Jewish theater director, grew up in Kovno in the Russian Empire (today Kaunas, Lithuania ) and from the age of 7 she lived with her grandmother in Königsberg in East Prussia , where she attended secondary school. During the period of political repression following the assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander II , she moved to Saint Petersburg with her family at the age of 13 . There she worked in a factory as a corset maker and came into contact with revolutionary ideas and with the work of revolutionary anarchists, including the history of the political assassinations in Tsarist Russia. Goldman got a copy of Nikolai Chernyshevsky 's What to Do? which laid the foundation for their own anarchist ideas and independent attitudes.

Emigration to America

At the age of 17 Emma Goldman emigrated with her older sister Helene (born 1860) to Rochester , New York, to live with her sister Lena (born 1862). There she worked for a few years in a textile factory and married her work colleague Jacob Kershner in 1887, which gave her American citizenship.

The execution of four anarchists after the Haymarket Affair (1886) politicized the young Emma Goldman at the age of 20 and drove her to the anarchist movement.

After the riot subsided in the wake of the execution, Goldman left his husband and family and traveled first to New Haven , Connecticut, and then to New York . Goldman and Kershner got divorced. Inspired by the fiery speeches of Johann Most and the calls for a violent fight after the Haymarket Riot, Goldman was convinced of the necessity of the assassination. That meant the use of targeted violence, including the murder of politically important people, as a necessary tool to bring about political and social change, in the sense of the anarchist propaganda of the deed .

New York and the Homestead Strike

In New York, Goldman met her later temporary partner and lifelong friend, Alexander Berkman , a prominent figure of the American anarchists at the time, with whom she stayed until his death in 1936. Under the influence of anarchist writers such as Johann Most , the two came to believe that direct action , including the use of force, was necessary as " propaganda of action " for revolutionary change.

Goldman and Berkman were on the Homestead strike very excited, the work of the strike at the end of 1892 Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead (Pennsylvania) occupied and the factory management had excluded. When Pinkerton detectives attempted to retake the factory and evict the strikers, a revolt broke out, killing several men. With Goldman's support, Berkman decided to aid the strikers by killing plant manager Henry Clay Frick . Berkman broke into Frick's office, shot him three times, and stabbed him with a knife. Frick survived, and Berkman was sentenced to 22 years imprisonment for attempted murder, only two-thirds of which due to an amnesty.

As Goldman later admitted in her memoir, she was fully aware of Berkman's intentions:

“We were shocked. We immediately realized that the time for our manifesto had passed. Words had lost their meaning in the face of the innocent blood spilled on the banks of the Monongahela. Both intuitively felt what was welling up in the other's heart. Sascha [Alexander Berkman] broke the silence. 'Frick is the responsible factor in this crime', he said, 'he must be held accountable for it'. It was the psychological moment for an assassination attempt; the whole country was in a state of excitement and everyone regarded Frick as the culprit in a cold-blooded murder. A blow to Frick would echo in the poorest shack, draw the world's attention to the real reason for the homestead strike. It would also bring fear into the ranks of the enemy and make them realize that the proletariat of America had its avengers. "

We were stunned. We saw at once that the time for our manifesto had passed. Words had lost their meaning in the face of the innocent blood spilled on the banks of the Monongahela. Intuitively each felt what was surging in the heart of the others. Sasha broke the silence. "Frick is the responsible factor in this crime," he said; "He must be made to stand the consequences." It was the psychological moment for an assassination attempt; the whole country was aroused, everybody was considering Frick the perpetrator of a cold-blooded murder. A blow aimed at Frick would re-echo in the poorest hovel, would call the attention of the whole world to the real cause behind the homestead struggle. It would also strike terror in the enemy's ranks and make them realize that the proletariat of America had its avengers.

Authorities believed Goldman was involved in planning this attack, but Berkman and the other conspirators refused to testify against them; therefore she was not charged. Her justification for Berkmans after the attempted murder and her subsequent attempts to obtain his early release made her very unpopular with the authorities. Berkman was paroled in 1906.

At first Berkman and Goldman felt they were following the ideas of their mentor, Johann Most , but they were soon disappointed in him. As Goldman noted, Most preached "acts of violence from the rooftops" and became one of Berkman's most vocal critics after the assassination. In Freedom magazine , Most attacked Goldman and Berkman, claiming that by assassinating Frick they wanted to arouse sympathy for him. Historian Alice Wexler suggests that jealousy of Berkman or a changed view of the usefulness of political attacks may be behind this charge. Most's accusations infuriated Goldman, not because of his suggestion that she was involved in the assassination, but because of his criticism of its usefulness and that it should arouse sympathy for Frick. It required Most to revoke his statements or to prove them, which he refused. Goldman then brought a whip to his next lecture. When Most refused to speak to her, she hit him in the face with it, broke her knee and threw the pieces at him. She later regretted this attack when she confided in a friend: "At the age of 23 you don't argue."

In 1893 Goldman befriended Hippolyte Havel and began to travel far, giving speeches for the libertarian socialist movement, often funded by the IWW .

jail

In 1893 Goldman was sentenced to one year in Roosevelt Island Prison for "inciting a riot". She had publicly urged unemployed people to ask for work. If you don't give them a job, they should ask for bread. If they didn't get work or bread, they should take the bread. This statement is a summary of the principle of expropriation as advocated by the anarchist Pyotr Alexejewitsch Kropotkin . Her conviction came despite the testimony of 12 witnesses in her favor. The jury's verdict was based solely on the testimony of a police officer Jacobs. During her year in prison, Goldman developed a keen interest in nursing care that she later applied to the Lower East Side residential areas.

Police photos of Emma Goldman from 1901
Chicago Daily Tribune, September 8, 1901. Emma Goldman was accused in the paper of inciting Leon Czolgosz to assassinate President William McKinley.

Assassination attempt on President McKinley

The anarchist Leon Czolgosz shot and killed the American President William McKinley on September 6, 1901 when he tried to shake his hand. Czolgosz and nine other anarchists, including Abe and Mary Isaak, were arrested. Goldman had met Czolgosz briefly a few weeks earlier when he asked her advice on a study lecture on anarchist ideas. The McKinley assassination and the rapidly expanding use of force by other immigrant anarchists tainted the aims of anarchism and discredited it in public opinion. As a result, social and political movements such as B. to distance the labor movement , for which the anarchists had campaigned, from them. Goldman was released on September 24 after authorities failed to bring her and others directly into connection with the attack. Leon Czolgosz was convicted and executed.

Mother Earth magazine

Emma Goldman, drawing by journalist Marguerite Martyn (1878–1948), published November 1, 1908 in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch

In 1906 Goldman published together with Berkman the monthly magazine Mother Earth ("Mother Earth"), which dealt with the daily events from the anarcha-feminist point of view. They printed essays etc. a. by Friedrich Nietzsche and the Christian anarchist Leo Tolstoy , both of whom had a major influence on their thinking. Goldman said of Nietzsche: “Nietzsche was not a social theorist, but a poet, a rebel and an innovator. His high class arose not from his birth or his wallet, but from his spirit. In this regard Nietzsche was an anarchist and all true anarchists were aristocrats ”( Lived Life , 1931).

With its continued propaganda for anarchist and radical goals, Goldman drew more and more attention from federal agencies. In 1908, her US citizenship was revoked. In 1914 she took part with Berkman in anarchist protests against John D. Rockefeller , which were brutally dispersed by the police. It is said that Berkman and four other anarchists were involved in a bomb attack on Rockefeller's Tarrytown estate in New York. On July 4th, one of the conspirators left the apartment where the bomb was being made to visit Berkman in the Mother Earth editorial office . Fifteen minutes later, the bomb went off the apartment, killing all residents, including the rest of the conspirators. Berkman denied any knowledge of the scheme. It is not known if Goldman was privy to it. After giving eulogies for the anarchists and serving Mother Earth for another year, Berkman moved to San Francisco where he founded his own revolutionary magazine, The Blast .

Second stay in prison

Goldman speaks in Union Square , May 21, 1916

Like many contemporary feminists, Goldman viewed abortion as a tragic consequence of social conditions and birth control as a positive alternative. In 1911 she wrote in her magazine:

"Abortions have reached incredibly daunting proportions in America ... The plight of the working class is so great that there are 17 abortions for every 100 pregnancies."

Goldman began talking about birth control and was arrested on February 11, 1916 after a lecture in New York and fined $ 100 in April, alternatively 15 days in prison. Since she refused to pay a fine on grounds of principle, she was taken to the Queens County Jail to serve her sentence . In prison, Goldman befriended Gabriella Segata Antolini , an anarchist and supporter of Luigi Galleani , whom she would later meet in person. Antolini had been arrested for carrying a backpack of dynamite on a train to Chicago . She had steadfastly refused to divulge any information and was imprisoned for 14 months.

First World War

During the war years, Goldman continued to travel, make anti-war speeches and meet other members of the radical left in America. After her release from prison, Berkman returned from San Francisco to work with her and to write again for Mother Earth . In Barre , Vermont, Goldman met Luigi Galleani , what he called himself “subversive” and accomplice to various anarchist-communist groups. He was the editor of the anarchist magazine Cronaca Sovversiva as well as a detailed instruction for making bombs with the camouflage title La Salute è in Voi (“Salvation is in you”), which was widely used by anarchists. As an " insurgent anarchist ", Galleani was convinced that the government would be overthrown by force. Goldman was fully aware of this fact. This meeting and the brief contact with Galleani would haunt her later.

Third imprisonment

Goldman was arrested and jailed again in 1917, this time on charges of "conspiracy to prevent drafting into the army." Goldman and Berkman were both involved in the formation of the "No Conscription Leagues" ("league against conscription ") and organized meetings against the war. Goldman believed that militarism had to be defeated in order to achieve peace. In Anarchism and Other Essays (Anarchism and Other Writings) she wrote: "The biggest outpost of capitalism is militarism. At the very moment when the latter is undermined, capitalism will waver ”. On 15 June 1917, the adopted convention , the " Espionage Act " ( "Espionage Act"), which penalties for interference of foreign policy and espionage envisaged. According to this, heavy fines and imprisonment of up to 20 years could be imposed on anyone who obstructed the draft or encouraged disloyalty to the US government.

Federal authorities stepped in after Goldman and Berkman continued to write and speech to urge citizens to refuse registration and convocation. The editorial offices of “Mother Earth” magazine were thoroughly searched and extensive files and subscription lists were confiscated. A Justice Department press release read: “A truckload of anarchist data and propaganda material has been confiscated. This presumably included a complete registry of Friends of Anarchy in the United States. A properly managed map file was found which the federal police assume will facilitate the identification of people named in various books and newspapers. The 10,000 name subscription lists for Mother Earth and The Blast magazines were also confiscated. ”Goldman was convicted of violating federal law and served 2 more years in prison.

Deported to Russia

Deportation photo, 1919

In the course of the Palmer Raids , thousands of arrests were carried out and many were threatened with deportation. Ironically, it was Goldman's detailed files that probably contributed at least as much to the capture of other radicals as the government's sometimes illegal measures, such as phone tapping and searches without a judge's order. Under US law at the time, Goldman could also be expelled as an "undesirable foreigner" under the Sedition Act , 1918 and the Anarchist Exclusion Act, as well as her two-time convictions for criminal offenses , after her citizenship was revoked become. At the hearing, her contacts with known violence supportive radicals, including a. with Luigi Galleani , accused. The government representative at the hearing was J. Edgar Hoover , who called Goldman "one of the most dangerous anarchists in America". She was expelled with Berkman. Many of the radicals on their cards shared the same fate with them.

The deportation took place at the end of 1919. Goldman and Berkman, along with other deportees of Russian origin, came on a ship that was going to Soviet Russia . The two were able to experience firsthand the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution upon arrival . Goldman was prepared to support the Bolsheviks despite the split between the anarchists and the communists at the First International . But the political repression and forced labor contradicted their anarchist attitudes.

She wrote about this in her autobiography: “We longed for living work, for the opportunity to draw from the fullness of the heart and to put our best qualities and all of our energies at the service of the revolution” and elsewhere: “We absolutely need a job. However, not in an official position or in a Soviet office. ”However, she experiences mismanagement, double standards, corruption, the persecution of anarchists and the curtailment of freedom of expression. She is excluded from supporting nursing in hospitals because of her criticism of the party system.

The bloody suppression of the Kronstadt sailors' uprising in 1921 by the Red Army (under the leadership of Leon Trotsky ) in 1921 completely alienated Goldman and the other anarchists from the Bolsheviks. Long before the Stalinist terror , it recognized that Lenin's regime would put an end to the workers' democracy of the councils and lead into tyranny .

The Bolsheviks argued against it that the striking sailors had conspired with the White Army and French monarchists , and thus represented a serious counter-revolutionary power. Then Goldman's writings arose My Disillusionment in Russia (My disappointment with Russia) and My Further Disillusionment in Russia (My other disappointment over Russia) . It was also completely depressed by the numerous destruction and deaths as a result of the civil war, in which counter-revolutionary currents, supported by foreign governments, such as The United States and Japan, for example, tried to weaken the young communist state before it could spread its ideology to other countries. Goldman was friends with the American communists John Reed and Louise Bryant : both were also in Soviet Russia at the time when it was impossible to leave the country. When Trotsky and other members of the Stalin opposition were exiled to Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan) on January 17, 1928 and then expelled to Turkey, Emma Goldman continued the public confrontation with him until he was murdered in 1940.

England and France

After only two years, Goldman and Berkman left Russia at the height of the civil war. The experience shaped her and she wrote two books about it. In her autobiography she described her complicated emigration and her unsuccessful attempts to tell the world about the "wrong path of the USSR". She kept her striving for communism.

The experience of how the Bolsheviks came to power had made them reconsider their earlier belief that the ends justify the means. Goldman accepted violence as a necessary evil in the process of social transformation. However, the experience in Russia made it necessary to differentiate. She wrote: “I know that all great political and social change in the past has resulted in violence. ... However, it is one thing to use force in combat as a means of defense. It is a completely different matter to make terrorism a principle, to institutionalize it, to give it the highest rank in the social struggle. Such terrorism gives birth to counterrevolution and becomes counterrevolutionary itself. "

These views were not popular among the radicals because most still wanted to believe that the Russian Revolution was a success. When Goldman moved to England in 1921, where she stayed with old friends, she was in fact alone in her condemnation of the Bolsheviks on the left and her lectures were poorly attended.

In 1926 Goldman married the Scottish anarchist James Colton (1860-1936), who helped her to become a British citizen and saved her from expulsion. In 1934 she was allowed to return to the United States for a series of lectures on condition that she abstain from public political discussions.

Goldman moved to France, where Peggy Guggenheim raised funds for a holiday home in Saint-Tropez on the Côte d'Azur . They called their house "Bon Esprit" ("Good Spirit"). Goldman could write and correspond there, but she was isolated. In France she wrote her autobiography: Living my Life , which was completed in 1930 and published in 1931. The first German version was published in 1978 under the title: Gelebtes Leben ; In 2010 the font was reissued in Germany.

Berkman, who lived not far from her in Nice and had been ill for a long time, shot himself in 1936, shortly before the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War . Goldman arrived on his deathbed before he died.

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 Goldman went to Spain to help the Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War against the Franquists . This fit in with her belief that freedom comes from resisting oppression. She had written in Anarchism and Other Essays (1911):

"Politically, people would still remain in absolute slavery if it weren't for the John Balls , the Wat Tylers , the Wilhelm Tells , the innumerable individual giants who fought step by step against the power of kings and tyrants."

She sharply criticized the anarchists' entry into government in November 1936. During this time, she wrote the obituary for the well-known Spanish anarchist Buenaventura Durruti under the title: Durruti is dead, but he is alive , reflecting Percy Bysshe Shelley's Adonai .

Death and funeral

Emma Goldman's grave 2016. The date and year of death on the headstone are incorrect.

Emma Goldman died on May 14, 1940 at the age of 70 following a stroke in Toronto , Canada. The US authorities allowed the transfer of her body to the US, where she was buried in the German Waldheim Cemetery. This is now part of the Forest Home Cemetery in Forest Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago . Her grave is near the graves of those executed in the Haymarket Uprising . On her tombstone is a quote from Charles Caleb Colton (1777–1832): “Liberty will not descend to a people, a people must raise themselves to Liberty” (“Freedom does not descend to a people; a people must themselves to freedom raise ").

Think

Emma Goldman has primarily propagated anarchism in her writings and published on the issue of women and anti-militarism . “Emma Goldman was a thinker, public speaker, and activist, but not a theorist. She wasn't Karl Marx, Hannah Arendt, Simone de Beauvoir or anything like that. "

anarchism

Goldman rejected the state, capitalist economy and religion and saw them as oppressive and contrary to the human pursuit of freedom. She supported Kropotkin's thesis that humans are social beings by nature. Only the destruction of the social institutions that oppose this could really set solidarity free. For Goldman, the goal of a liberated society is the expression of all hidden abilities and individuals as freely as possible.

In her work she referred mainly to Proudhon , Bakunin and Kropotkin . Further references can be found to Stirner , Nietzsche , Ibsen and Freud .

Women's liberation and free love

Emma Goldman with her longtime boyfriend, Alexander Berkman

Goldman linked anarchist and feminist positions by understanding the abuses that led to the oppression of women as a problem that affects society as a whole. She equates the oppression of women with the oppression of the population and then demands a simultaneous struggle for the improvement of the living conditions of women with that for a liberated society. For them, true emancipation includes men.

Goldman rejected the pure equality of women with men in a hierarchical system and advocated the idea of ​​strong, self-confident, self-determined women who are aware of their abilities, their bodies and their sexuality.

Another area of ​​Goldman's activity was the demand for free birth control for women, whom she supported with lectures on contraception , for example . According to Goldman, unwanted pregnancies create unhappy children and increase economic hardships and dependencies for women.

Goldman saw an opportunity for individuals to coexist in a self-determined manner only if they were voluntary. She advocated free love and rejected marriage as a purely economic instrument that leads to dependence, consolidates traditional moral concepts and hinders both men and women in their emancipation .

Anti-militarism

Emma Goldman took a strong stand against the military, which she saw as a tool for the oppression of other nations as well as the soldiers. She was particularly critical of the USA, which was already armed to become a world power in its day. Even in school, as she wrote in 1911, "children were trained in military tactics, the glory of military victories was sung in the schedule, and the child's consciousness perverted in order to please the government". A standing army and navy was seen by Goldman as a sign of the collapse of freedom. Goldman saw the anarchists as "the only real advocates of peace" and the only ones who oppose militarism . She expected that one day the other people would also show solidarity, boycott the military and the war and unite peacefully and freely.

In 1925 Emma Goldman was at the international conference of the pacifist-antimilitarist War Resisters' International (WRI) in Hoddeston (Herts.) England, where she a. a. Helene Stöcker and Pierre Ramus met. When it came to war, she noted in principle that it “only represented a high point in the constant state oppression. The state itself is the most outspoken form of oppression. It intervenes in every sphere of life and therefore acts as a permanent compulsion. ”(1925) The state does not have the right to dispose of human life. Rather, it is important to offer effective resistance to war.

Quotes

"The most violent element in society is ignorance"

"The most violent element of society is ignorance."

- Emma Goldmann

"If I can't dance, I don't want to be part of your revolution"

"If I'm not allowed to dance, I don't want to be part of your revolution (freely translated) "

- wrongly attributed : a corresponding passage can be found in her autobiography

“We Americans claim to be a peace-loving people. But we are overflowing with joy at the possibility of being able to drop bombs from airplanes on helpless civilians. Our hearts swell with pride to think that in time America will set its iron foot on the necks of all other nations. That is the logic of patriotism. "

- Emma Goldmann

“Look at 5th Avenue! Every house is a fortress of money and power. Wake up! Finally dare to defend your rights! Go and ask for work! If they don't give you a job, ask for bread! If they refuse you, get it! It is your right! "

- Emma Goldmann

“I may be arrested, I may be thrown in jail, but I will never rest! I will never tolerate or submit to authorities, nor will I make peace with a system that degrades women to nothing but an incubator! "

- Emma Goldmann

Afterlife

At a demonstration critical of globalization in 2000, young anarchist feminists carried a banner with the Goldman quote “To the daring belongs to the future”, for example: The future belongs to the daring

The Canadian playwright Carol Bolt wrote the socially critical play Red Emma, ​​Queen of the Anarchists in 1974 , in which she celebrated Emma Goldmann's ardent feminism. The piece remained so popular that it was adapted as an opera by the Canadian Opera Company in 1996 .

Works

Title page of Anarchism and Other Essays from 1910
  • Anarchism and Other Essays. Mother Earth Publishing Association, New York 1911.
    • Extracts:
      • Anarchism, its real meaning. Libertad Verlag, Berlin 1978.
      • The tragic thing about the emancipation of women. K. Kramer Verlag, Berlin 1987.
    • Complete edition:
  • The Social Significance of the Modern Drama. Richard G. Badger, Boston 1914.
  • My Disillusionment in Russia. Doubleday, Page & Company, Garden City / New York 1923; complete edition 1925.
  • My Further Disillusionment in Russia. Doubleday, Page & Company, Garden City / New York 1924.
  • Living my life. 2 volumes. Alfred A. Knopf, 1931.
  • Voltairine de Cleyre . Oriole Press, Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, USA.
  • Fall of the Russian Revolution. K. Kramer Verlag, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-87956-193-1 .
  • My two years in Russia  - Internet Archive , V. Lenzer publishing collective, Munich 2020.
  • Emma Goldman: Red Emma Speaks. Selected Speeches and Writings of the Anarchist and Feminist Emma Goldman . Random House, New York 1972.

literature

  • Candace Falk: Love and Anarchy & Emma Goldman. An erotic correspondence. A biography. Translation by Dita Stafski, Helga Woggon. Kramer, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-87956-177-X .
    • Candace Falk: Emma Goldman. A documentary history of the American years. Vol. 1: Made for America 1890-1901. University of Illinois Press 2008, ISBN 0-252-07541-2 . Also as an e-book .
  • Vivian Gornick: Emma Goldman. Revolution as a way of life. Yale University Press, New Haven & London 2011, ISBN 978-0-300-13726-2 .
  • Elke Pilz: Emma Goldman - a life for freedom and justice , in this: The ideal of humanity - women and the socialist idea. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2005, ISBN 3-8260-3008-7 , pp. 73-90.
  • Richard Drinnon: Rebel in Paradise. Biography of Emma Goldman. University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London 1961; Reprint Bantam, NY City 1973, OCLC 266217
  • David Porter: Utopia kindled. Emma Goldman on the Spanish Revolution. Translation by Margarita Ruppel. Unrast Verlag, Münster 2016, ISBN 978-3-89771-214-0 .

Other media

TV movie

theatre

music

  • In the musical " Ragtime ", text by Terrence McNally , music by Stephen Flaherty, Emma Goldman is one of the ten main characters in US American history.
  • In Klezmer 1993. New York City - the tradition continues on the Lower East Side one piece (of 9) is called Emma Goldman's wedding . Performers: Billy Tipton Memorial Saxophone Quartet; New Klezmer Trio; Klezmatics; Shvitz All-Stars. EfA-Medien, Hamburg undated (1994).
  • In pop music , one of 14 pieces on the sampler is called Passion, politics, love : Emma Goldman . Artist: Bucky Halker and the Complete Unknowns. BSC Music, Icking n.d. (1996)
  • The piece When Alexander met Emma the band Chumbawamba is about her love for Alexander Berkman. (From the album A Singsong and a Scrap , 2005)
  • The piece Revolution (Emma G.) by the ska-punk band Rantanplan (band) takes up their attitude towards the revolution.

Web links

Commons : Emma Goldman  - Collection of Images
Wikiquote: Emma Goldman  - Quotes

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Rodger Streitmatter: Voices of Revolution: The Dissident Press in America . Columbia University Press, New York 2001, ISBN 0-231-12249-7 , pp. 122-134 .
  2. ↑ Anne-Kathrin Krug: The how and the whether. For the 150th birthday of the American anarchist Emma Goldman, whom the left rarely remembers. In: Neues Deutschland , 22./23. June 2019, p. 18.
  3. ↑ http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/99/
  4. ↑ She Fought the Law ... ( PBS )
  5. ↑ Emma Goldman: Living My Life. Volume two. Chapter 43
  6. ↑ Anne-Kathrin Krug: The how and the whether. For the 150th birthday of the American anarchist Emma Goldman, whom the left rarely remembers. In: Neues Deutschland, 22./23. June 2019, p. 18.
  7. ↑ Anne-Kathrin Krug: The how and the whether. For the 150th birthday of the American anarchist Emma Goldman, whom the left rarely remembers. In: Neues Deutschland, 22./23. June 2019, p. 18.
  8. ↑ https://de.wikiquote.org/wiki/Emma Goldman # grave inscription
  9. ↑ Anne-Kathrin Krug: The how and the whether. For the 150th birthday of the American anarchist Emma Goldman, whom the left rarely remembers. In: Neues Deutschland, 22./23. June 2019, p. 18.
  10. ↑ Original: "The beginning has already been made in the schools ... Children are trained in military tactics, the glory of military achievements extolled in the curriculum, and the youthful mind perverted to suit the government. Further, the youth of the country is appealed to in glaring posters to join the Army and the Navy. "( Patriotismus. A Menace to Liberty . In: Anarchism and other Essays. 1911)
  11. ↑ Emma Goldman, in: The War Resisters of the Whole World, Report on the Movement in Twenty Countries and on the International Conference in Hoddeston, Herts., England in July 1925 (German version), published by the General Secretariat of War Resisters' International , p 33.
  12. ^ Anarchism - what it really stands for (1910) http://www.panarchy.org/goldman/anarchism.1910.html ; German: https://www.marxists.org/deutsch/referenz/goldman/1911/aufsaetze/anarchismus.htm
  13. ^ Alix Kates Shulman: Dances with Feminists . In: Women's Review of Books. Vol. IX, no. 3rd December 1991
  14. ^ A b c Anette Schneider: Arrest of the anarchist Emma Goldman in New York. In: Calendar sheet (broadcast on DLF ). February 11, 2016, accessed February 11, 2016 .
  15. ↑ www.canadiantheatre.com
  16. ↑ In this play, historian and playwright Zinn dramatizes the life of Emma Goldman, the free-spirited thinker who was exiled from the United States because of her outspoken views, including her opposition to World War I. With his wit and unique ability to illuminate history from below, Zinn reveals the life of this remarkable woman. As Zinn writes in his Introduction, Emma Godman seemed to be tireless as she traveled the country, lecturing to large audiences everywhere, on birth control ("A woman should decide for herself"), on the falsity of marriage as an institution ("Marriage has nothing to do with love "), on patriotism (" the last refuge of a scoundrel ") on free love (" What is love if not free? ") and also on the drama, including Shaw, Ibsen, and Strindberg. This book will be of immense interest to feminists. * The book can be viewed and searched in American online bookshops
  17. ↑ CD, with booklet. German National Library : to be heard at both locations, only on site
  18. ↑ CD, with booklet. To be heard at the German National Library at both locations, only on site
personal data
SURNAME Goldman, Emma
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American anarchist and peace activist
DATE OF BIRTH June 27, 1869
PLACE OF BIRTH Kovno ( Kaunas )
DATE OF DEATH May 14, 1940
Place of death Toronto
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