Sándor Ferenczi

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Sándor Ferenczi, undated photograph by Aladár Székely
1909 group photo in front of Clark University . Front: Sigmund Freud , Granville Stanley Hall , Carl Gustav Jung . Back: Abraham A. Brill , Ernest Jones , Sandor Ferenczi.

Sándor Ferenczi (born July 7, 1873 in Miskolc , † May 22, 1933 in Budapest ) was a Hungarian neurologist and psychoanalyst .

life and work

Sándor Ferenczi was the eighth of twelve children of the Baruch and Rosa Fraenkel couple (née Eibenschütz). His father, who came from the Polish Galicia , had his name Magyarized to Bernát Ferenczi in 1879 . The father was a bookseller and publisher. Ferenczi graduated from the Protestant school in his home town of Miskolc and then studied medicine in Vienna . After receiving his doctorate in 1894, he worked as a neurologist at the Budapest Szent Erzsébet Hospital. He had dealt with Freud's psychoanalytic writings for a long time before he visited Freud in Vienna in early 1908 and became his pupil.

At the first congress held in Salzburg on April 27, 1908 by the young psychoanalytic movement, which was just getting organized , Ferenczi gave a lecture in which he developed a revolutionary program as a consequence of Freud's psychoanalysis. The “inner revolution” made possible by Freud's insights, he said at the time, could “be the first revolution that would create real relief for mankind”. Otto Gross took the same position at this congress . Freud, however, was strictly against such a perspective and did not want to enter into a discussion about it: “We are doctors and want to remain doctors.” Gross insisted and was disregarded; From then on, Ferenczi concentrated on clinical work and became Freud's closest collaborator and personal friend.

At the beginning of the First World War , Ferenczi was called up as a military doctor . Due to his age, however, he was able to stay in the country, although he had to give up his private practice in Budapest, which he was running at the time. In 1918 Ferenczi received the newly created chair for psychoanalysis at the Medical University of Budapest, which was abolished two years later by the Miklós Horthy government . Ferenczi reopened a private practice, which he continued until his death.

Ferenczi became one of the most productive and creative psychoanalysts. In his writings, he anticipated many ideas of object relationship theory and psychotraumatology, which were only developed decades later . Together with Otto Rank , he propagated a more active treatment technique with greater commitment on the part of the psychoanalyst (see also: Reparenting ) in the publication Development Goals of Psychoanalysis (1924 ).

An important place in his theory is the emphasis on the important role of real childhood experiences in the etiology of mental disorders and the emergence of the archaic superego through introjection of the traumatizing object (“super-ego intropression”). In 1932, Ferenczi described the defense mechanism of identification with the aggressor as the effect of a derailing adult sexuality and passion on the child's soul, thereby shifting the theoretical focus considerably from infantile sexual fantasies to real damage from exogenous factors.

In the last years of his life, he also came back to the once abandoned program of conceiving an "inner revolution" as a new stage in the Enlightenment using psychoanalytic knowledge. He had once viewed the "inappellable principles" introjected into the child as a breeding ground for the neurosis and therefore as an unsuitable authority for controlling adult behavior. Towards the end of his life he dared to use a new Freudian term against Freud's intentions to postulate the “dismantling of the superego” as the goal of a consistent analysis.

Ferenczi's independent developments in therapeutic technique led to a clouding of his relationship with Freud in the 1920s. While the latter reacted increasingly critically to Ferenczi's therapeutic innovations, Ferenczi was irritated by what he called Freud's “therapeutic nihilism”. On May 1, 1932, his diary noted a private statement by Freud that was treacherous in every sense: "The patients are a rabble". He comments: “The patients are only good to make us live and they are material for learning. We can't help them. ”Nevertheless, one plays dishonestly with the hopes and expectations of salvation of those who suffer.

In September 1932, at the 12th International Psychoanalytic Congress in Wiesbaden, he gave the lecture Confusion of Language Between Adults and Children , which he had previously presented to Freud personally. In this lecture he confronted Freud and his followers with a fundamental theoretical rethinking of questions relating to the aetiology of mental disorders. The psychoanalytic establishment, above all Freud himself, saw the emphasis on exogenous traumatization as a theoretical regression to what was known as the seduction theory, which was overcome early in Freud's intellectual development . Ferenczi's dissident views were ultimately attributed by Freud to a paranoid decline in personality.

Ferenczi died in May 1933, a few months after his last meeting with Freud, of pernicious anemia .

reception

Ferenczi's influential analysands include Michael Balint , Melanie Klein , Ernest Jones, and Clara Thompson . Sándor Ferenczi had been friends with Georg Groddeck since September 1921 . Without having explicitly founded a school himself, Ferenczi is considered to be the central founding figure of the “Budapest School” of psychoanalysis, which Balint later named.

The discreet verdict of Freud and the psychoanalytic mainstream on Ferenczi and trauma theory had an impact for decades. Ernest Jones took over Ferenczi's pathologization in his Freud biography for the official historiography of psychoanalysis. After the first work on Ferenczi was published in the 1960s, it was not until the mid-1980s that a controversial rediscovery and rehabilitation of his thinking began. In Germany, u. a. Luise Reddemann and Mathias Hirsch for the trauma theory on the late Ferenczi. The widespread republication of the article from 1932 in Jeffrey Masson's “The Assault on Truth” from 1984, as well as the publication of the clinical diary from this time in 1985, played a decisive role in this renaissance . (German first publication in 1988 under the title: Without sympathy no healing )

1993 was proclaimed the Ferenczi year. In the same year the first International Ferenczi Conference took place in New York.

Fonts

  • Sándor Ferenczi, Sigmund Freud, Karl Abraham , Ernst Simmel : On the psychoanalysis of the war neuroses. International Psychoanalytischer Verlag, Vienna 1919.
  • Popular lectures on psychoanalysis. Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, Leipzig / Vienna / Zurich 1922. Nine lectures were taken up again in: On the knowledge of the unconscious: writings on psychoanalysis. Edited by Helmut Dahmer . Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1989, ISBN 3-596-24621-0 . New edition: Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2005, ISBN 3-89806-408-5 .
  • Sándor Ferenczi, Otto Rank : Developmental goals of psychoanalysis: on the interrelation of theory and practice. Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, Vienna 1924. New edition: Turia and Kant, Vienna 1995, ISBN 3-85132-088-3 . Reprinted 2009, ISBN 978-3-85132-493-8 .
  • Attempt at a genital theory . International Psychoanalytischer Verlag, Vienna 1924.
  • On the psychoanalysis of sexual habits with contributions to therapeutic technique. International Psychoanalytischer Verlag, Vienna 1925.
  • Building blocks for psychoanalysis. 4 volumes. International Psychoanalytischer Verlag, Leipzig / Vienna / Zurich 1927–1939. 3rd, unchanged edition: Huber, Bern / Stuttgart 1984.
  • Writings on psychoanalysis. Selection in 2 volumes. Edited and introduced by Michael Balint . S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1970–1972. Last reprint: Psychosozial Verlag, Giessen 2004.
Letters
  • Sigmund Freud, Sándor Ferenczi: Correspondence. Edited by Ernst Falzeder and Eva Brabant. Böhlau, Vienna.
    • Volume I / 1, 1908-1911 (1993)
    • Volume I / 2, 1912-1914 (1993)
    • Volume II / 1, 1914-1916 (1996)
    • Volume II / 2, 1917-1919 (1996)
    • Volume III / 1, 1920-1924 (2003)
    • Volume III / 2, 1925-1933 (2005)
  • Sandor Ferenczi, Georg Groddeck : Correspondence 1921–1933. German first edition: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1986, ISBN 3-596-26786-2 . Stroemfeld / Roter Stern, Frankfurt am Main 2006, ISBN 3-87877-466-4 .
diary
  • No cure without sympathy: The clinical diary of 1932. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main, German first edition 1988, ISBN 3-10-020502-2 , paperback edition: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-596- 14269-5 .
Lectures

literature

  • Peter L. Rudnytsky, Antal Bókay, Patrizia Giampieri-Deutsch (Eds.): Ferenczi's Turn in Psychoanalysis. New York University Press, New York 1996, ISBN 0-8147-7475-X .
  • Michael Balint : The technical experiments of Sandor Ferenczi. In: Psyche. 20th year, 1966, pp. 904–925.
  • Paul Harmat: Freud, Ferenczi and the Hungarian Psychoanalysis. Edition Diskord, Tübingen 1988, ISBN 3-89295-530-1 . Translation by: Harmat Pál: Freud, Ferenczi és a magyarországi pszichoanalísis. Európai Protestáns Magyar Szabadegyetem, Bern 1986, ISBN 3-85421-017-5 .
  • André Haynal : The Technology Debate in Psychoanalysis. Freud, Ferenczi, Balint. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1989, ISBN 3-596-42311-2 . Last new edition: Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2000, ISBN 3-89806-725-4 .
  • André Haynal: Disappearing and Reviving: Sandor Ferenczi in the History of Psychoanalysis. Karnac, London 2002, ISBN 1-85575-254-9 .
  • Marina Leitner: A well-kept secret: The history of psychoanalytic treatment technology from its beginnings in Vienna to the founding of the Berlin Poliklinik in 1920. Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2001, ISBN 3-89806-046-2 .
  • Arnold W. Rachman: Sándor Ferenczi: The Psychotherapist of Tenderness and Passion. Jason Aronson, Northvale 1995, ISBN 1-56821-100-7 .
  • Josef Rattner : Sándor Ferenczi. In: Classics of Psychoanalysis. 2nd Edition. Beltz / Psychologie Verlags Union, Weinheim 1995, ISBN 3-621-27285-2 , pp. 164-190. (First edition 1990 and T. Classics of Depth Psychology )
  • Zvi Lothane : Sandor Ferenczi the dramatologist of love. In: Psychoanalytic Perspectives. Volume 7, 2010, pp. 165-182.

Web links

Writings by Ferenczi
Writings on Ferenczi

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Sonia Horn: Sándor Ferenczi. In: Wolfgang U. Eckart , Christoph Gradmann (Hrsg.): Ärztelexikon. From antiquity to the present. 3. Edition. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg / Berlin / New York 2006, p. 115. doi: 10.1007 / 978-3-540-29585-3 .
  2. ^ Sándor Ferenczi: Psychoanalysis and Pedagogy. In: Building blocks for psychoanalysis. Volume III, Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, Leipzig / Vienna / Zurich 1908 [1938], pp. 9–22. Online at textlog.de
  3. ^ A b Sándor Ferenczi: Confusion of language between adults and children. ( dissoziation-und-trauma.de ( Memento from March 18, 2019 in the Internet Archive ) From: Sándor Ferenczi: Infantile attacks: About sexual violence, trauma and dissociation. Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-923211-36-4 autonomie -und-chaos.de PDF, 1.6 MB).
  4. ↑ Hans Waldemar Schuch: Significant Accent Shifts - From Genital Theory to Elastic Psychoanalysis. ( Memento of March 18, 2019 in the Internet Archive ) July 12, 2003.
  5. ^ Quote from Jeffrey Masson: The Abolition of Psychotherapy. A plea. from d. American v. H.-J. Baron von Koskull. Goldmann, Munich 1991, chap. 3, p. 119.
  6. ↑ Congress program on psyalpha.net (PDF, 4.2 MB, here p. 59 f. ) ( Memento from March 19, 2019 in the Internet Archive )
  7. ^ Sándor Ferenczi: Confusion of language between adults and children. (The language of tenderness and passion). ( Memento of March 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 3.2 MB). In: International Journal of Psychoanalysis. XIX. Volume, issue 1/2 1933.
  8. ↑ See Freud's letter to his daughter Anna of September 3, 1932 (online)
  9. ^ Zvi Lothane : The Feud between Freud and Ferenczi over love. In: American Journal of Psychoanalysis. Volume 58, 1998, pp. 21-39.
  10. ^ Peter Gay: Freud. A biography for our time. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2006, p. 658.
  11. ^ History of psychoanalysis in Hungary , on Psychoanalytikerinnen.de .
  12. ↑ Livia Nemes, Gabor Berenyi (ed.): The Budapest School of Psychoanalysis. Akademiai Kiado, 1999.
  13. ↑ On this: HW Schuch (2015): Sándor Ferenczi (1873–1933) ( Memento from March 19, 2019 in the Internet Archive )
  14. ↑ From the dead zones of the self . A long night about Sándor Ferenczi and trauma therapy
  15. ↑ For example with Mathias Hirsch: Trauma. Psychosozial-Verlag, Göttingen 2011, p. 31 ff.
  16. ^ Carlo Bonomi, Franco Borgogno: The Ferenczi Renaissance. Past, present, and future
  17. ↑ Significant shifts in accent ( Memento from April 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 571KB)
  18. ↑ Chronology on sandorferenczi.org.
  19. ^ Source taken from Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson: The assault on truth: Freud's suppression of the seduction theory. Faber and Faber, London / Boston 1984, ISBN 0-571-13240-5 , Notes, p. 231 f.
personal data
SURNAME Ferenczi, Sándor
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Fränkel, Sandor (maiden name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Hungarian psychoanalyst, neurologist and author
DATE OF BIRTH July 7, 1873
PLACE OF BIRTH Miskolc
DATE OF DEATH May 22, 1933
Place of death Budapest