Neuropsychoanalysis

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Neuropsychoanalysis (NPSA) (formerly: Neuro-Psychoanalysis ) is a research discipline established by neuroscientists at the turn of the millennium, which seeks to combine neuroscientific and psychoanalytic knowledge. It has set itself the goal of checking the neurobiological foundations of the understanding of the function of the human soul and the question of how people think, feel and behave , which has been gathered in the more than 100-year history of psychoanalysis . Sigmund Freud was convinced of the existence of a material basis for these processes from the very beginning of his work.

history

Sigmund Freud LIFE.jpg
Signature of Sigmund Freud

Neuropsychoanalysis is an interdisciplinary and still young scientific discipline whose roots can be found in Sigmund Freud. In 2015 the journal neuropsychiatrie published a debate between the two psychoanalysts Stephan Doering and August Ruhs and with them a proponent (Doering) and a critic (Ruhs) of neuropsychoanalysis. On the occasion of this conversation, Döring quoted Freud from his work Jenseits des Lustprinzips , written in 1920 :

“On the other hand, let us be very clear that the uncertainties of our speculation have been increased to a high degree by the necessity to borrow from biological science. Biology is truly a realm of unlimited possibilities, we can expect the most surprising explanations from it and we cannot guess what answers it would give to the questions we asked a few decades later. Perhaps precisely those that blow hypotheses around our entire artificial structure. "

- Sigmund Freud : Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920)

Freud was always convinced that his observations and the understanding derived from them of what he called the “psychological apparatus” would one day be confirmed by biological findings and thus confirmed or refuted. Doering recalled that in Freud's time today's resources were not yet available and complained that despite the advancing development of research methods, “neuropsychoanalytical considerations” were “ marginalized and rejected as biological and reductionist ” for many years . The neurosciences, "which Sigmund Freud had overthrown from his pedestal", would now with their scientific " avant-garde " again develop interest in the ideas of the ancestor of psychoanalysis, so the journalist Beate Lakotta in the mirror .

As early as 1979, the neurobiologist and Nobel laureate Eric Kandel had demanded that "psychoanalysis must face neuroscientific insights if it is to play a productive role in the fields of psychotherapy, psychiatry and research into human behavior in the future." Even if individuals were ahead of their time, it took another 20 years before a systematic collaboration was established.

The South African psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Mark Solms is one of the founding fathers who endeavored to give international cooperation between neuroscience and psychoanalysis a common platform . As head of the Department of Neuropsychology at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town and Professor of Psychiatry at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, Solms had translated all of Freud's neuroscientific works into English and edited them. In 1999 he founded the bi-annual Routledge journal Neuropsychoanalysis . Its scientific advisory board includes brain researchers Wolf Singer and Antonio Damasio . Finally, Solms initiated the establishment of a specialist society , was its founding president in 2000 and incorporated the new specialist journal as its official organ. He chaired the professional association together with Cristina Alberini, a professor of neuroscience at New York University .

Neuropsychoanalysis is still only considered a new specialist science and not as an independent medical discipline. Ruhs criticized it as a "fad". With the establishment of its own scientific community and a specialist society that organizes international congresses and publishes a specialist journal, it has nevertheless "developed as its own translational scientific discipline", as Doering emphasized. The translational medicine is also still a young subject. In Germany, for example, it has been sponsored by the state of Bavaria at the Würzburg University since 2018 through the establishment of two so-called elite courses -  Translational Medicine and Translational Neuroscience  .

The relationship between psychoanalysis and neuroscience

In an interview with Doering, August Ruhs described the dilemma of psychoanalysis in its relationship to neuropsychoanalysis. He saw a minority of supporters who promise that the neurosciences would “upgrade psychoanalysis criticized as unscientific” and a majority of opponents who oppose it as “neuroskeptics”. He positioned himself:

“I see an overvaluation of biological inheritance over social development. We are heading in the direction of a predominance of the natural sciences over the humanities and social sciences , which amounts to a juxtaposition of biology and psychoanalysis . Psychoanalysis understands the incarnation as a process of development with a life-historical character and emphasizes culture , not nature, in its essential character. The incarnation is not an evolutionary process, but rather the result of an inhibition of development: compared to other living beings, we are immature and lacking in instinct - a lack of nature that is replaced by cultural imprint. "

- August Ruhs : Interview 2015

For all the hope that Freud placed in scientific biology, his cultural theory was always more important to him than anything else. As a therapy, he understood psychoanalysis as one of many, but its cultural theory distinguishes it from all others.

As a critic, Ruhs warned that the findings of psychoanalysis should be operationalized in a way that was also compatible with their completely different methodology . In his estimation, this is not happening in part. Otherwise, distorted effects would be expected. The neurophysiologist and psychoanalyst Mauro Mancia warned, despite all his support for neuropsychoanalysis, not to lose sight of a fundamental difference between the two disciplines:

"The neurosciences are based on a logic of explanation, while psychoanalysis is primarily characterized by a logic of understanding."

- Mauro Mancia

Doering, as an avowed advocate of neuropsychoanalysis, pointed out that for some of Freud's concepts, such as that of the unconscious , scientific evidence had long since been provided with an "impressive amount of empirical research results". These include the work of Heather Berlin, a professor of psychiatry at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York. Through this work it is known that there is no place in the brain for the unconscious. Rather, a "large part of the brain activity takes place unconsciously", in which many networks are involved. So-called outcome studies are now also available, which show that psychotherapy “can normalize abnormalities in brain function”, even though, as Ruhs critically noted, the subjective “cannot be reduced to the objective”.

Organizations

International Neuropsychoanalysis Society
purpose Promoting collaboration between neuroscience and psychoanalysis
Chair: Mark Solms , Cristina Alberini
Establishment date: 2000
Seat : London
Website: The International Neuropsychoanalysis Society

Neuro Psychoanalysis (NPSA) as an international network of non-profit organizations located organisationally in an international trade company ( Society ) in numerous regional and specialized groups and an umbrella organization ( Association ).

Various preparations began in 1999 to create appropriate organizational structures for the subject. In a first step in June 2000, a professional society called The International Neuropsychoanalysis Society was founded, which gave its members a framework for their scientific activities. The previously founded trade journal became an official organ and the first congresses and specialist lectures were organized.

After three organizational units had been formed in London, New York and Cape Town, which had worked closely with each other from the start, they were formally merged in 2012 under the name The Neuropsychoanalysis Association . An associated foundation based in the New York branch made it possible to launch international research funding programs. Own congresses and scientific meetings have been organized since 2015.

Methods

When it comes to the methods of this interdisciplinary subject, a distinction must be made between those used in neuroscience and those used in psychoanalysis.

When used as psychotherapy , psychoanalysis provides various methods depending on the indication , including short analytical therapy, focal therapy and group analysis , a method based on depth psychology and long-term analytical therapy as a so-called standard method .

As before, which is neuropsychoanalysis at the stage of basic research . In its early days, patients suffering from previously diagnosed neurological diseases were examined and treated psychoanalytically. Conclusions about their brain functions could be drawn from their reactions. For example, in 2000 the Solms couple presented the results of their 14-year study with their Clinical Studies of Neuro-Psychoanalysis , in which patients with various brain lesions were examined.

Meanwhile make electrophysiological , pharmacological and neuro psycho neuro imaging techniques , the preferred methods of neuropsychoanalysis. In addition to imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are other methods of medical diagnostics, like u. a. the electroencephalogram (EEG) is used, for example in a long-term study by Buchheim and others.

Questions

In its research, neuropsychoanalysis deals with very different questions, starting with developmental psychology and individual psychological functions through to psychopathology . So-called markers for personality disorders could also be found, which are based on psychoanalytic concepts about the personality structure and which have been included in the new DSM-5 classification for mental illnesses .

In 1996 Manfred Spitzer , head of the Transfer Center for Neurosciences and Learning established at Ulm University in 2004 , wrote his text Geist im Netz , which dealt with neurodidactics , but was later understood as an "introduction to the basics of neuroscience". Spitzer was referring to an illustration that Freud had used and "which had already conveyed the idea of ​​a neural network as a component of the psychological apparatus he designed in 1895".

Eleven years later, the Hanse Neuro-Psychoanalysis Study started at the University of Innsbruck in 2007 , the differentiated research design of which was published in 2008. She graduated in 2010 with the support of the Hanse Wissenschaftskolleg . The researchers, including the psychologist Anna Buchheim , Horst Kächele and Manfred Cierpka , were interested in the question of whether the treatment of chronically depressed patients by experienced psychoanalysts produces measurable success. In addition to extensive clinical diagnostics , the patients had been examined using recognized psychometric methods, including the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnostics (OPD), and were treated with a frequency of two or more therapy sessions per week.

At the Leibniz Center for Literature and Cultural Research (ZfL), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) has been funding a project under the direction of Stephanie Eichberg and Sigrid Weigel called Neuro-Psychoanalysis and Pain . It is expected to be completed in 2019 and is dedicated to the topic of pain , which is becoming increasingly important in the face of demographic change . With a view to the neuroesthetic research program , whose idea was provided by the neurobiologist Semir Zeki in 2001 , the project has joined an "international network for the dialogue between the humanities / cultural sciences and neurosciences" and is working with neuropsychoanalysis in one of its sub-projects . From 2008 to 2010 there was a sub-project Freud and the natural sciences at the ZfL , which, among other things, ended with a publication that was intended to initiate Freud's intended "bridge" to the neurosciences. In 2013, the ZfL hosted a three-day symposium on the subject of empathy in Berlin , which was devoted to the question of the neurobiological basis and the cultural and conceptual history of this term. The pain project is based on both:

“There is a special focus on the area of ​​tension between the humanities and the natural sciences for data collection. The tension between the epistemes of interpretation and measurement is understood as constitutive for undertaking a neuro-psychoanalysis. "

- Center for literary and cultural research

literature

  • Anna Buchheim , Horst Kächele , Manfred Cierpka u. a .: Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience. Neurobiological change processes in psychoanalytic treatments of depressed patients . In: Neurology . No. 5 , 2008, p. 441–445 ( uibk.ac.at [PDF; 88 kB ; accessed on June 4, 2018]).
  • Anna Buchheim, Manfred Cierpka, Horst Kächele, Gerhard Roth : The brain also heals . In: Brain & Mind . No. 11 , 2012, ISSN  1618-8519 , p. 50-53 .
  • Sigmund Freud : Draft of a Psychology . In: Marie Bonaparte , Anna Freud , Ernst Kris (eds.): From the beginnings of psychoanalysis. Letters to Wilhelm Fliess, treatises and notes from the years 1887–1902 . Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1962, p. 303–384 (first edition: 1895).
  • Eric R. Kandel : Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and the New Biology of Mind . With a foreword by Gerhard Roth . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 2006, ISBN 978-3-518-58451-4 (English: Psychiatry, psychoanalysis and the new biology of at least . Translated by Michael Bischoff and Jürgen Schröder).
  • Karen Kaplan-Solms, Mark Solms : Neuro-Psychoanalysis. An introduction with case studies . 3. Edition. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-608-95989-5 ( limited preview in Google book search - English: Clinical Studies of Neuro-Psychoanalysis . 2000. Translated by Ricarda Kranz, first edition: 2003).
  • Martha Koukkou, Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber , Wolfgang Mertens (eds.): Remembering realities. Psychoanalysis and neurosciences in dialogue (=  inventory . Volume 1 ). Verlag Internationale Psychoanalyse, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 978-3-608-91954-7 .
  • Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber, Wolfgang Mertens, Martha Koukkou (eds.): Remembering realities. Conclusion for psychoanalytic practice (=  inventory . Volume 1 ). Verlag Internationale Psychoanalyse, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 978-3-608-91955-4 .
  • Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber, Gerhard Roth, Anna Buchheim (Eds.): Psychoanalysis, Neurobiology, Trauma . Schattauer, Stuttgart, New York 2008, ISBN 978-3-7945-2547-8 .
  • Alexander Lindemeier: Neuropsychoanalysis. A fad or a return to Freud's original concepts? Interview partners: Stephan Doering , August Ruhs . In: Neuropsychiatry . No. 29 . Springer, Vienna 2015, p. 39–42 , doi : 10.1007 / s40211-015-0137-y ( springer.com [PDF; 735 kB ; accessed on May 22, 2018]).
  • Mauro Mancia: The dream in the dialogue between psychoanalysis and neuroscience . In: Mauro Mancia (Ed.): Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience . Springer Italia, Milano 2006, ISBN 88-470-0334-2 , p. 305-326 (English).
  • Georg Northoff : Neuropsychoanalysis in Practice, Brain, Self and Objects . Oxford University Press, New York 2011.
  • Mark Solms, Oliver Turnbull: The Brain and the Inner World. Neuroscience and Psychoanalysis . 4th edition. Walter, Mannheim 2010, ISBN 978-3-530-50650-1 (English: The brain and the inner world . Translated by Elisabeth Vorspohl).
  • Sigrid Weigel , Gerhard Schubert (Ed.): A Neuro-Psychoanalytical Dialogue for Bridging Freud and the Neurosciences . Springer International Publishing, Cham 2015, ISBN 978-3-319-17604-8 (English).
  • Andreas Cremonini, Christoph Keul, Michael Schmid: Neuropsychoanalysis . Ed .: Andreas Cremonini, Christoph Keul, Michael Schmid. No. 80 . Turia & Kant, Vienna, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-85132-713-7 , pp. 144 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ neuropsychoanalysis Analysis (NPSA). Retrieved on May 24, 2018 (English): “Neuropsychoanalysis is interested in the neurobiological underpinnings of how we act, think, and feel. As we begin to link brain activity with a psychoanalytic model of the mind, even at the deepest levels, a truly dynamic understanding can emerge. "
  2. ↑ neuropsychiatry. SpringerLink, accessed June 12, 2018 .
  3. ↑ Alexander Lindemeier: Neuropsychoanalysis. A fad or a return to Freud's original concepts? (PDF; 735 kB) (No longer available online.) In: Neuropsychiatrie 29. 2015, pp. 39–42 , formerly in the original ; accessed on May 22, 2018 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / link.springer.com
  4. ↑ Sigmund Freud : Beyond the pleasure principle . International Psychoanalytischer Verlag, Leipzig / Vienna / Zurich 1920, p.  303–384 (first edition: 1895).
  5. ↑ a b c Anna Buchheim, Horst Kächele, Manfred Cierpka et al .: Psychoanalysis and Neurosciences. 2008, p. 441.
  6. ↑ a b c d Alexander Lindemeier: Neuropsychoanalysis. 2015, p. 39.
  7. ↑ Beate Lakotta : The nature of the soul . In: Der Spiegel . No.  16 , 2005 ( online ). The nature of the soul (=  mirror special . No.
     6 ). 2007, p. 58–70 ( spiegel.de - more detailed).
  8. ↑ See also Eric R. Kandel: Biology and the future of psychoanalysis. A new intellectual framework for psychiatry . In: American Journal of Psychiatry . No. 156 , 1999, pp. 521-37 .
  9. ^ The Journal. Retrieved May 26, 2018 (English). Neuropsychoanalysis. An Interdisciplinary Journal for Psychoanalysis and the Neurosciences. Taylor & Francis , accessed May 26, 2018 .
  10. ^ About the Society. Retrieved May 26, 2018 (English).
  11. ^ Society Leadership. Retrieved May 26, 2018 (English).
  12. ↑ Alberini Lab. NYU Center for Neural Science. Retrieved May 26, 2018 (English).
  13. ↑ Alexander Lindemeier: Neuropsychoanalysis. 2015, p. 42.
  14. ↑ a b c Alexander Lindemeier: Neuropsychoanalysis. 2015, p. 41.
  15. ↑ Andreas Beck oven: Science Minister Dr. Ludwig Spaenle announces funding for five new elite courses and six international junior research groups as part of the Bavarian Elite Network. Press release No. 261.Bavarian State Ministry for Education and Culture , July 6, 2017, accessed on June 3, 2018 .
  16. ↑ a b c d Alexander Lindemeier: Neuropsychoanalysis. 2015, p. 40.
  17. ^ A Tribute to Mauro Mancia 1929-2007. Mauro Mancia passed away on July 24, 2007. He was 78 . PMC 2082088 (free full text)
  18. ↑ Mauro Mancia: Psychoanalysis in dialogue with the neurosciences . In: Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber, Gerhard Roth, Anna Buchheim (Eds.): Psychoanalysis, Neurobiology, Trauma . Schattauer, Stuttgart / New York 2008, ISBN 978-3-7945-2547-8 , pp. 19th ff .
  19. ^ Heather A. Berlin: The Neural Basis of the Dynamic Unconscious . In: Neuropsychoanalysis . tape 13 , no. 1 , 2011, p. 5-71 .
  20. ↑ a b Who we are. Neuropsychoanalysis (NPSA), accessed June 6, 2018 .
  21. ↑ neuropsychoanalysis Analysis (NPSA). Retrieved May 24, 2018 .
  22. ^ The International Neuropsychoanalysis Society. (No longer available online.) The International Neuropsychoanalysis Society (NPSA), formerly the original ; accessed on May 23, 2018 (English).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / npsa-association.org
  23. ^ Regional and Specialist Groups. Neuropsychoanalysis (NPSA), accessed June 6, 2018 .
  24. ↑ a b The Neuropsychoanalysis Association. Neuropsychoanalysis (NPSA), accessed June 6, 2018 .
  25. ^ The Neuropsychoanalysis Fund. NPSA, accessed June 6, 2018 .
  26. ^ The Neuropsychoanalysis Foundation. NPSA, accessed June 6, 2018 .
  27. ^ The Neuropsychoanalysis Trust. NPSA, accessed June 6, 2018 .
  28. ↑ Past Events. NPSA, accessed June 6, 2018 .
  29. ^ Karen Kaplan-Solms, Mark Solms : Neuro-Psychoanalysis. An introduction with case studies . 3. Edition. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-608-95989-5 ( limited preview in Google book search - English: Clinical Studies of Neuro-Psychoanalysis . 2000. Translated by Ricarda Kranz, first edition: 2003).
  30. ↑ a b Anna Buchheim, Horst Kächele , Manfred Cierpka u. a .: Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience. Neurobiological change processes in psychoanalytic treatments of depressed patients . In: Neurology . No. 5 , 2008, p. 441–445 ( uibk.ac.at [PDF; 88 kB ; accessed on June 4, 2018]).
  31. ↑ Gerd Rudolf , Tilman Grande, Peter Henningsen (ed.): The structure of personality. Theoretical foundations for the psychodynamic therapy of structural disorders . Schattauer, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-7945-6492-7 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed June 9, 2018]).
  32. ↑ Manfred Spitzer : Spirit on the Net. Models for learning, thinking and acting . Spectrum, Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin 2000, ISBN 978-3-8274-0572-2 (first edition: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1996).
  33. ↑ Svenja Taubner, Anna Buchheim, Roman Rudyk, Horst Kächele, Georg Bruns: How does neurobiological research influence psychoanalytic treatments? Clinical observations and reflections from a study on the interface of clinical psychoanalysis and neuroscience . In: The American Journal of Psychoanalysis . No. 72 , 2012, ISSN  0002-9548 , p. 269–286 (English, researchgate.net [accessed June 8, 2018]).
  34. ^ Anna Buchheim, Horst Kächele, Manfred Cierpka et al .: Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience. 2008, p. 443.
  35. ^ Anna Buchheim, Horst Kächele, Manfred Cierpka et al .: Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience. 2008, p. 442.
  36. ↑ a b c d Neuro-Psychoanalysis and Pain. Neuroscience between natural and cultural science. Center for Literary and Cultural Research, accessed on June 9, 2018 .
  37. ↑ Where does it hurt? From the sense of pain. Radio feature . HR2 Culture, accessed June 9, 2018 .
  38. ↑ Freud and the natural sciences: around 1900 and around 2000. Center for Literary and Cultural Research, accessed on June 9, 2018 .
  39. ↑ Sigrid Weigel, Gerhard Scharbert (Ed.): A Neuro-Psychoanalytical Dialogue for Bridging Freud and the Neurosciences . Springer International Publishing, Cham 2015, ISBN 978-3-319-17604-8 (English).
  40. ↑ Vanessa Lux, Sigrid Weigel (ed.): Empathy. Epistemic Problems and Cultural-Historical Perspectives of a Cross-Disciplinary Concept . Palgrave Macmillan, London 2017, ISBN 978-1-137-51298-7 (English).
  41. ↑ Empathy. A neurobiological capacity and its cultural and conceptual history. Center for Literary and Cultural Research, 2013, accessed on June 9, 2018 .