List of psychotherapy and self-awareness methods

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following list contains an overview of current and historically relevant therapeutic approaches, evidence- based, ie scientifically verified psychotherapeutic methods. In addition, some procedures were included in the list that are not scientifically recognized or are considered to be refuted, as well as methods that are more likely to be assigned to the para and pseudoscientific field.

Classical psychoanalysis / psychoanalytically based long-term therapy

Psychoanalytic methods deal with unconscious conflicts and their development in early childhood and try to give the patient a deeper understanding of the causal (mostly unconscious) connections of his suffering. They mostly relate directly to Sigmund Freud or his students Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung and take place in several sessions per week, often over several years.

Methods based on depth psychology (psychodynamic)

Depth psychologically founded (psychodynamic) psychotherapy (medium-term psychotherapy) is based on depth psychological basic assumptions, but focuses more on the current conflict situation and its management. The client should be given insight into the structure and meaning of the conflicts as well as their underlying causes.

Methods based on depth psychological theories

Other psychodynamic methods

Behavioral therapeutic methods

With behavioral therapy a whole range of forms of psychotherapy is called, where the recognition and modification of behavior patterns is in the foreground.

Humanistic-existential methods

The Humanistic Psychology sees itself as a third force in addition to the depth and behavioral psychology and considers the human being as a whole.

Group therapy

Group psychotherapy uses the group and resonance phenomena that occur in a group for psychotherapy . Either several patients in the group can be treated at the same time or individual members of the group can be the focus.

Systemic methods

Systemic therapy takes greater account of the social context, such as interactions and relationship structures in families and social systems when solving psychological problems, and is more resource and goal-oriented.

Hypnotherapy

Hypnotherapy uses the effects of therapeutic trance and suggestions to promote healing, search and learning processes.

Systemic-imaginative methods

Body-oriented methods

Body therapy and body psychotherapy denote therapies that approach the coping and processing of personal problems and neuroses by treating the body.

Group dynamics

Group dynamics uses group dynamics to observe the effects of one's own and others' behavior and to make it tangible and to try out new behavior.

Community and self-help

Relaxation procedure

Art-oriented methods

Others

Complementary methods

Recognition and assumption of costs

Not all psychotherapy procedures are recognized by the state everywhere and are financed by all health insurance companies. Behind this are professional conflicts of interest (between doctors, psychologists and other professions) as well as the competition between the psychotherapy schools and inconsistent effectiveness studies . In Switzerland and Austria, the therapist's methodological freedom and responsibility is much broader than in Germany.

In Switzerland no distinction is made between methods. The qualification of the therapist is decisive. Doctors trained in psychotherapy are admitted, who in turn can employ psychologists trained in psychotherapy. These therapies are financed by compulsory health insurance. Private insurance is not subject to any restrictions. Therapy methods are approved by the Swiss CHARTER for Psychotherapy, the Swiss Professional Association for Applied Psychology SBAP, the Swiss Psychotherapists Association SPV and the Federation of Swiss Psychologists FSP.

In Austria there is no restriction to source professions such as doctor or psychologist . A two-stage training course, which lasts at least five years and consists of a general part, the psychotherapeutic propaedeutic and a specialist course, is decisive for registration as a psychotherapist . Currently, 22 procedures are permitted, which are listed in the table below.

In Germany , psychotherapy is strictly regulated and strongly linked to medical care. Apart from doctors, only psychologists and alternative practitioners are allowed to work in psychotherapy. The recognized procedures are essentially three that can be offered in individual and group settings for adults as well as for children and adolescents: depth psychology-based psychotherapy as short therapy, focal therapy or dynamic psychotherapy, analytical psychotherapy according to Sigmund Freud , CG Jung or Alfred Adler , Behavior therapy with different focuses. Autogenic training , progressive muscle relaxation, and hypnosis can also be approved and funded as individual treatments. The Medicines Ordinance also recognizes occupational therapy to, within and creative therapy and occupational therapy can take place.

direction method founder Germany Austria Switzerland
analytically Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg
Individual psychology Alfred Adler Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg
Analytical psychology CG Jung Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg
Group psychoanalysis Pratt , Burrow , signs Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg
depth psychology Autogenic psychotherapy Johannes Heinrich Schultz - Symbol OK.svg -
Analysis of existence Ludwig Binswanger - Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg
Dynamic group psychotherapy Raoul Schindler - Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg
Hypnosis psychotherapy Milton Erickson (1) Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg
Katathym-Imaginative Psychotherapy Hanscarl Leuner Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg
Concentrative exercise therapy Gindler , Stolze , Cserny - Symbol OK.svg -
Transaction analysis Eric Berne - Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg
humanistic Existential analysis and logotherapy Viktor Frankl - Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg
Gestalt therapy Perls , Perls , Goodman - Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg
Conversational psychotherapy Carl R. Rogers (2) Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg
Humanistic psychodrama Hans-Werner Gessmann - Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg
Psychodrama Jacob L. Moreno - Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg
Psychosynthesis Roberto Assagioli - Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg
behavioral (classic) behavior therapy Thorndike , Watson , Skinner, and others. a. Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg
cognitive cognitive behavioral therapy Ellis , Beck , Kanfer , Lazarus and others a. Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg
systemic Systemic therapy Satir , Haley , Jackson et al. a. (3) Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg
combinatorial Integrative Therapy Hilarion Petzold - Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg
Gestalt theory psychotherapy Hans-Jürgen Walter - Symbol OK.svg -
humanistic Neuro-Linguistic Psychotherapy Schütz, Karber, Jelem u. a. - Symbol OK.svg -
body oriented Bioenergetic Analysis Wilhelm Reich , Alexander Lowen - - Symbol OK.svg
biosynthesis David Boadella - - Symbol OK.svg
Body psychotherapy different schools - - Symbol OK.svg
art oriented Art and expression oriented therapies different schools - - Symbol OK.svg
Music therapy different schools - Symbol OK.svg Symbol OK.svg

(1) Hypnotherapy: Individual treatment for adults recognized in Germany, must be carried out by a psychotherapist
(2) Talk therapy: recognized in Germany for adults, but not yet financed by the health insurances
(3) Systemic therapy: recognized in Germany for adults, recognition procedure for children and teenagers

In addition to the listed procedures, there is a multitude of other schools and methods, some are primarily historically significant, others are further developments, specializations or splits. Not all approaches claim to be able to contribute to the healing of mental disorders. There are also methods that were not designed for psychotherapy, but for counseling and coaching or as a technique of self-awareness. The procedures not recognized in Germany include some useless, in some cases even dangerous developments, but also traditional, new or established approaches with promising ideas that are already recognized in other European countries.

Approval of procedures and professional groups

Psychotherapeutic procedures and psychotherapeutic qualifications are handled very differently depending on the country and basic occupation:

country Procedure doctors Psychologists other jobs education
Switzerland all approved fully approved only as an employee of the doctor not allowed ?
Austria 23 approved fully approved fully approved fully approved (2) 3,215 hours
Germany 3 approved fully approved (1) fully approved (1) not approved (3) ?

(1) Psychologists and doctors must have completed state-controlled training as psychological psychotherapists or medical psychotherapists .
(2) Nurses, medical-technical assistants, social workers, pedagogues, marriage and family therapists, music therapists, philosophers, publicists and communication scientists, theologians and teachers are allowed to work independently in psychotherapy and settle it directly through the health insurance companies if they have completed the legally required training to the extent of have completed at least 3,215 hours, are independent, have reached the age of 28 and have been entered on the list of psychotherapists of the Ministry of Health. An extract from the criminal record must be submitted on the occasion of the entry. A so-called genius paragraph enables the Chancellor to also allow other professional groups to train in psychotherapy.
(3) Educators are also approved as child and adolescent psychotherapists . You must complete state-controlled training. Approval for psychotherapy according to the Heilpraktikergesetz enables psychotherapy to be offered, with very different anchoring in the insurance system. The basis is an examination at the responsible health department .

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Federal Office of Public Health: Psychotherapy. Information on the assumption of costs from January 1, 2007 ( Memento from June 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ↑ psychotherapiecharta.ch
  3. ↑ sbap.ch
  4. ↑ a b psychotherapie.ch
  5. ↑ In the case of existential analysis , gestalt therapy and counseling psychotherapy, the Federal Ministry additionally - depending on the provider of the training - also differentiates between two different courses that are not listed in the table. Source: ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Federal Ministry of Health, Family and Youth ) (PDF)@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bmgfj.gv.at
  6. ^ Decision of the Federal Ministry for Health and Women of January 10, 2007, reference number BMGF-93500 / 0002–1 / 7/2007.
  7. ↑ In Austria it is referred to as client-centered psychotherapy or as person-centered psychotherapy
  8. ↑ Recognition of systemic psychotherapy. In: German Society for Systemic Therapy, Counseling and Family Therapy e. V. Accessed November 6, 2019 .
  9. ↑ Federal Office of Public Health BAG, 8.2007