support group

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This article or paragraph presents the situation in Germany . Help us to describe the situation in other countries.

Self-help groups are self-organized associations of people who have the same problem or concern and want to do something about it or for it. Typical problems include dealing with chronic or rare diseases , life crises or stressful social situations. However, there are also open-topic self-help groups, e.g. B. Open-topic men's groups. The number of self-help groups in Germany is estimated at 70,000–100,000. According to the 2003 Robert Koch Institute telephone health survey, around 9 percent of the adult population in Germany have already participated in a self-help group. If one asks how high the proportion of those attending a self-help group at the time of the survey is, in 2005 it was 2.8 percent.

Self-help groups essentially serve the exchange of information and experiences between those affected and their relatives, practical help in life and mutual emotional support and motivation. In addition, self-help groups can represent the interests of their members externally to different degrees through corresponding organizations. The most common form of organization is the registered association , which can provide public relations and educational work, support for research projects and even represent political interests . Self-help groups without specifying the legal form are treated as societies under civil law ( §§ 705 ff. BGB ). Self-help groups are mostly run on a voluntary basis . Under certain conditions, self-help groups can be reimbursed for the costs of office, rooms, public relations, etc. within the framework of self-help funding according to Section 20c SGB ​​V.

History of the self-help group

The self-help group in its current form has its predecessors partly in the emancipation movements of the 19th century, especially the women's and youth movement . Numerous associations and organizations have been founded which have enabled a largely free exchange of like-minded people and also health-oriented self-help.

In some groups, such as those organized by Good Templars or Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), a comprehensive model of a morally desirable way of life beyond the original common problem (such as alcoholism) is in the foreground. There are numerous spiritually or religiously oriented groups.

Only after the social upheaval of the 1960s was open self-help possible in today's understanding. It assumes that people can publicly acknowledge their problem without fear of social or criminal sanctions. Self- revelations find supportive reactions among those equally affected . The participants undertake to maintain confidentiality. For example, until 1968/69 homosexuals had to fear criminal prosecution according to § 175 StGB . For the first time, addictions were understood as diseases and not just as moral deficiencies. At the same time, a new concept of health was created that promotes an active, self-reliant role of the responsible patient. Like many other new social movements , they rely on their own initiative .

Group psychology has made a significant contribution to the development of self-help groups. The psychotherapist Michael Lukas Moeller played an important role in the establishment of self-help groups in Germany in the 1970s. In 1981 he founded the German Working Group on Self-Help Groups . V. The AA's twelve-step program has now been carried over to other addictions and problems.

In the GDR were already before the turn, even during the civil rights movement , the first self-help groups, in particular under the roof of the church, active.

Self-help groups in Germany

Typical group room in the Munich self-help center

The services of the self-help groups are now recognized by the payers as an important addition to the professional health system . Therefore, self-help groups that deal with health problems are funded by the statutory health insurance . According to § 20h SGB ​​5, all health insurance companies are obliged to do so. Other institutions (e.g. statutory pension insurance, but also municipalities and states) also offer a wide range of support options . In addition to the self-help organizations, the approx. 280 self-help contact points and support facilities are important for supporting local self-help groups. They are in different sponsorships - partly with the charities, partly with the municipal bodies. Professional employees (e.g. psychotherapists or social workers / pedagogues) refer seekers to existing self-help groups or support them in founding and setting up a new group. In contrast to self-help organizations, which represent a specific indication area (addiction, illness), the self-help contact points have no explicit reference to specific illnesses or social problems.

Self-help organizations

Self-help organizations are mostly associations of several self-help groups, which, along with individuals, are also their members. As a rule, they are at the state and / or federal level as e. V. organized. Most of them are members of an umbrella organization at federal level (e.g. in the Federal Self-Help Working Group or the German Paritätischer Wohlfahrtsverband (DPWV)). Examples of groups and associations that represent themselves independently at the federal level are the German Alzheimer's Society and formerly the Federal Hospice Working Group (now the German Hospice and Palliative Association ).

The self-help organizations receive financial support from the statutory health insurance, from pension insurances (state insurance institutions, federal insurance institutions), from membership fees and donations. Through the Health Modernization Act of 2004, which applies to the health insurance companies, the self-help organizations have a say in important questions of health care through their umbrella organizations. You have been a patient representative in the Federal Joint Committee and its individual committees since the beginning of 2004 .

Self-help working groups

About half of all self-help groups do not belong to a supra-regional self-help organization. At the municipal level, some self-help groups organize themselves in working groups to address health and social problems from various medical and social areas on site.

The work in the local self-help working groups is entirely voluntary. They are financially supported by membership fees and voluntary donations . Some are registered as non-profit associations. Self-help working groups do not receive any financial support from statutory health insurance companies according to Section 20 of the Social Code Book V.

Self-help contact points

Self-help contact points are independent, locally or regionally working professional advisory institutions. They have full-time staff, rooms and resources. Self-help contact points provide information, advice and support for new and existing self-help groups.

Every district and every major city has a self-help contact point. These can be requested from the national contact and information center.

House of Cancer Self Help

The German Cancer Aid was the first to set up a “House of Cancer Self-Help” in Bonn to improve the work of the aid associations. Since spring 2013, ten different non-profit organization centers have moved into the house. The aid organization supports the project with donations.

The following self-help organizations, which operate nationwide and are funded by the German Cancer Aid, work in the House of Cancer Self-Help. Contact persons in the region can also be requested from them: Working group of pancreatectomies e. V., BRCA-Netzwerk e. V., Federal Association of Larynx Surgeons V., Bundesverband Prostatakrebs Selbsthilfe e. V., Bundesverband Thyroid Cancer - Living Without Thyroid e. V., Deutsche Hirntumorhilfe e. V., German ILCO e. V. - Self-help with colon cancer and stoma, German Leukemia and Lymphom Help e. V., women's self-help after cancer - Bundesverband e. V., Self-Help Association for Bladder Cancer e. V. The cooperation between these bodies enables a constant exchange of experience, the sharing of resources and the better coordination of joint activities in order to avoid costly duplication of work.

Online self-help

Gerald Ganglbauer's Parkins (on) line

Self-help is also spreading more and more over the Internet . Help seekers exchange ideas in Internet forums , mailing lists and chat rooms. Although this form of self-help has been practiced for a long time, it is partly disputed whether it can be described as self-help. This is reflected, for example, in the fact that self-help initiatives that only support each other via the Internet have so far not been supported by health insurers (see below) . Exactly how widespread online self-help (or virtual self-help ) is in the German population has not yet been surveyed.

Since 2009, NAKOS has been devoting itself more and more to the topic of “online self-help” and has initiated the project “Self-help and new media - inventory, differentiation, impact analysis and criteria development”. In 2011 the NAKOS started in cooperation with the association Selbsthilfekontaktstellen Bayern e. V. with its SeKo office, the Internet platform Selbsthilfe-interaktiv.de, which is intended to be a communication platform for community self-help in Web 2.0. You can find checked, non-commercial links to helpful forums, an exchange forum on all aspects of self-help and the possibility of founding a virtual self-help group.

advancement

The health insurance companies and their associations generally promote self-help on three levels: federal organizations, state organizations and local self-help groups. The respective funding levels are generally of equal priority and value.

Eligibility requirements

General funding requirements

  • Perception of interests by those affected: the self-help work in the groups and association bodies is carried out by those affected.
  • Health-related self-help activities are the focus of the work: The activities are geared towards coping with chronic illnesses and / or disabilities that affect the members themselves or as relatives.
  • Openness for new members and public announcement of the self-help offer.
  • Neutral orientation and independence of self-help activities from economic interests.
    Many self-help organizations have already developed their own guidelines on their neutrality and independence or have adopted the guidelines of BAG SELBSTHILFE e. V. and the PARITÄTISCHE Gesamtverband e. V. connected. See also the “Declaration on the maintenance of neutrality and independence”, which is part of the application documents at federal and state level.
  • Creation of transparency about the financial situation (including sources of income) and the use of funds for the health insurance companies and their associations in the application documents.
  • Willingness to work in partnership with the health insurance companies and their associations while maintaining the neutrality and independence of self-help.
Creation of transparency about the financial situation

In the application documents, the sources of income are to be made transparent, which provide information about the entire income situation. These include u. a. public grants, social security grants, donations, sponsorship money and membership fees from regular and sponsoring members. This also includes non-cash services from cooperation partners (e.g. free provision of rooms).

Legal consequences of incorrect information

The health insurance companies / associations can check that the funds are being used properly. In the event of deliberately incorrect or missing information, which could result in improper payment of funds from the health insurance companies / associations, the health insurance companies / associations are entitled to reclaim the financial contributions.

Additional funding requirements for the local self-help groups

The prerequisites for funding the local self-help groups include, in addition to the prerequisites listed in the section General funding requirements:

  • Reliable / continuous group work and availability.
  • Group size of at least six members.
  • The self-help group held a founding meeting and made its existence and group offers public (for example at the local self-help contact point or in the regional press).
  • Designation of a separate account only for the purposes of the self-help group.
  • The party entitled to dispose is obliged to ensure that the funds are only used for the group's purposes.
Exclusion of funding

Institutions and / or structures that do not meet these general requirements are not funded by the health insurance funds or their associations. Funding according to § 20c SGB ​​V is not possible for:

  • Charities,
  • Social associations,
  • Consumer associations / organizations / institutions,
  • Patient advice centers (also internet-based),
  • Professional / professional associations or specialist societies,
  • Boards of trustees, foundations, development associations, networks,
  • (Sub) working groups or working groups of self-help groups and / or organizations,
  • inpatient or outpatient hospice services,
  • Federal or state working groups for health / health promotion or state centers for health / health promotion, state or regional health conferences,
  • Disease-specific advice centers or contact points such as addiction and cancer advice centers,
  • initiatives that operate exclusively on the internet,
  • Cooperation advice centers for self-help groups and doctors from the Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians (KOSA),
  • All activities of self-help groups, organizations and contact points that are not geared towards health-related activities and measures within the meaning of Section 20c SGB ​​V (e.g. social issues and activities also related to certain groups of people such as single parents or senior citizens as well Citizen, district, traffic and environmental initiatives),
  • Leisure activities such as B. Excursions, vacation trips, cinema, concert and theater visits,
  • Studies that exclusively serve to research diseases and their causes (basic research).

Also excluded from the funding are offers that belong to the services of the statutory health insurance according to other legal bases, e.g. B.

  • Patient education measures, functional training and rehabilitation sports, aftercare measures in accordance with Section 43  f. SGB ​​V,
  • Services for early detection and early support ( Section 30 SGB ​​IX ),
  • Sociotherapy ( § 37a SGB ​​V),
  • Therapy groups in accordance with §§ 27 ff. SGB ​​V (e.g. psychotherapy, behavioral, talk therapy, occupational therapy),
  • Primary preventive measures / prevention courses ( § 20 SGB ​​V).

Self-help groups or organizations that primarily pursue commercial goals or were founded for commercial purposes are also excluded from funding under Section 20c SGB ​​V.

Funding procedure

The self-help promotion according to § 20c SGB ​​V will take place from 2008 onwards through two strands of funding : cross-fund community funding and individual health insurance funding . According to this, the health insurance companies and their associations must provide at least 50 percent of the total annual funds available for cross-insurance community funding. The remaining maximum 50 percent of the funding remains with the individual health insurers for their individual health insurance funding.

The amount of funding is calculated taking into account the total available funding, the number of eligible funding applications received and the applicants' comprehensible funding needs.

The funds from the health insurance companies and their associations generally represent a subsidy for health-related self-help projects in accordance with Section 20c of the Book V of the Social Code. Full financing of the activities of self-help groups, self-help organizations and self-help contact points is excluded.

Cross-fund community funding

The funds from the cross-fund community funding are lump-sum grants with which the health insurance funds and their associations, along with other public institutions, make a significant contribution to the basic financing of health-related self-help.

Contents of cross-fund community funding

The lump-sum funding is understood as financial support for the original self-help-related tasks. These lump-sum funds are made available to self-help as grants to secure their original and diverse self-help work and regularly recurring expenses. This includes in particular expenses for:

  • Room costs, rent,
  • Office equipment and material costs (e.g. PC, printer, projector, office furniture, postage and telephone, fees for online services),
  • Maintenance of the website ,
  • Association media appearing regularly (e.g. member magazines) including their distribution,
  • Training courses or advanced training courses aimed at qualifying for organizational and association work as well as administrative activities (e.g. commercial training courses, training courses on association law, PC training courses, communication), including event and participation fees, travel and accommodation costs,
  • Conference and congress visits by group or organization members,
  • Implementation of committee meetings required by the statutes, including event and participation fees, travel and accommodation costs.

For the above-mentioned original tasks and activities of self-help, personnel and material expenses are of course required, which can be covered by the flat-rate funding. Applications that are exclusively for staffing positions cannot be considered. Only self-help tasks / activities are eligible.

Procedure for submitting applications for cross-fund community funding

The cross-fund community funding for applicants at all funding levels is unbureaucratic and without unnecessary administrative effort. The so-called one-contact procedure is decisive. This stipulates that when the applicant applies for lump-sum funding, only one funding application needs to be submitted to the responsible health insurance association or the responsible coordination office at the respective funding level.

Funding applications must be submitted in writing using the application forms provided by the health insurance companies and their associations at the relevant funding levels. These forms should be coordinated with the self-help representatives. The associations of the health insurance companies at the federal level provide sample forms for this purpose. The application must be completed in full and submitted in good time with all the necessary documents. The funds required by the applicant for the respective funding year must be presented and quantified in a comprehensible and realistic manner. Funding applications must be submitted on time. The respective deadlines may vary depending on the funding level and funding area.

Application processing and allocation of funds for cross-fund community funding

When submitting the application, the self-help department must observe the respective application deadlines. For their part, the health insurance funds and their associations process applications promptly at all funding levels and for all funding areas in order to give self-help planning security. After the application period has expired and after the application documents have been completed, the funding procedure by the health insurance funds / associations should be completed no later than three months after the application period has expired.

The health insurances and their associations decide on the respective funding levels together and after consultation with the relevant representatives of self-help on the allocation of funding from the cross-insurance community funding.

The applicant will be informed with a brief explanation if the funding application is not considered or is postponed.

Assessment of the funding amount for self-help groups

When measuring the amount of funding for self-help groups, a location / region-specific approach is recommended.

Transparency about the flat-rate subsidies spent

The lump-sum funding granted to the local self-help groups is published in summary form by the respective awarding authority, stating the total number of groups funded.

In order to increase the transparency of the lump-sum funding within self-help, the funding recipients publish the grants received from the health insurance funds or their associations in a suitable manner at the respective levels, e.g. B. on the Internet.

Individual health insurance funding
Contents of the individual health insurance funding

The health insurance companies and / or their associations support special projects or self-help activities that are goal-oriented and clearly limited in time as part of the individual health insurance funding. They can be targeted at specific audiences. In contrast to community funding, individual health insurance funding is characterized by the fact that it promotes activities that go beyond routine tasks.

Local level:

At the local level, funds from individual health insurance funds can be used to financially support the following activities, which can be limited in time:

  • Self-help days,
  • Group-specific information materials,
  • Specialist workshops or specialist conferences. If the workshops or conferences are held nationwide or nationwide, the costs must be applied for via the federal association or the regional association,
  • Lectures.

The content of the individual health insurance funding by the individual health insurance companies and associations can vary. Applicants can find out about possible funding priorities from the health insurance companies or their associations in advance of submitting an application.

Transparency about the amount of individual health insurance funds

The health insurance companies / associations should make the amount of the individual health insurance funds available for the respective funding level available for the next funding year in a suitable manner, e.g. B. on the Internet.

Application procedure for individual health insurance funding

In order for self-help to be able to submit a targeted application, the health insurance companies will inform you in good time before the start of a new funding year:

  • applicable application deadlines, if they exist,
  • any application forms to be used.

If health insurance companies define funding priorities, these will be announced at an early stage.

Applications must be submitted in writing using the application forms provided by the health insurance companies and their associations at the respective funding levels.

Applications that aim to directly strengthen the resources of those affected or their relatives should also state the extent to which the measure / project can strengthen the autonomy of those affected or their relatives.

With regard to the application deadlines, the health insurance companies / associations usually proceed flexibly.

Application processing and allocation of funds for individual health insurance funding

Applications for the allocation of individual health insurance funds should be processed promptly after the submission of complete documents. The decision on funding, including the assessment of the funding amount, is the responsibility of the individual health insurance funds or the health insurance association.

The applicant will be informed with a brief justification if his application for funding has not been considered, has been postponed or is transferred to another sponsor.

Funds not spent in a funding year

Funds that have not been spent from cross-fund community funding and from individual health insurance funds are allocated to cross-fund community funding in the following year, according to the official expenditure statistics (KJ 1 - usually in July). The health insurance funds and their associations regulate further details, taking into account the experience gained in previous years and with the participation of the representatives of the relevant top organizations of self-help.

criticism

The medical effectiveness of the twelve-step program in recovering from addictive diseases is difficult to demonstrate. This is also due to the anonymity, which means that no member lists are kept and thus long-term, scientific investigations are difficult. Independent, scientifically sound studies are rare. The New York Court of Appeals ruled in 1996 in the Griffin v. Coughlin "in the last instance stated that" belonging to the AA community involves participation in religious acts and religious proselytizing. "

Some self-help groups and self-help organizations receive financial support from multinational pharmaceutical companies . Those groups are particularly affected in which the collaboration promises advantages and influence for the industry. Since manufacturers in Germany - as in most other countries around the world - are not allowed to advertise prescription drugs, cooperation with self-help opens the way directly to consumers. The pharmaceutical companies talk about information, while neutral organizations in consumer protection complain about disinformation. In the meantime, there are voluntary guidelines and guidelines, both from self-help and from pharmaceutical companies, which are intended to safeguard this cooperation against the background of conflicts of interest. Self-help has come under public criticism through this sponsorship path.

Transparency of benefits is seen as the first step to improve the problem in order to counter any allegations of corruption. The credibility of self-help can still be damaged. Some pharmaceutical companies are disclosing their payments to self-help today. For example, the British pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) donated a total of around 128,000 euros to German patient organizations and self-help groups in 2008. 54 organizations received grants between EUR 350 and EUR 20,000. According to its own information, the group published all donations on its website.

Other donors, such as the German Cancer Aid, link their support of self-help organizations with the obligation not to accept any money from the industry. Deutsche Krebshilfe itself does not accept any donations from the pharmaceutical industry.

See also

literature

  • Bickel, Thomas; Vogelsanger, Vreni; Wächter, Matthias: Health leagues, self-help groups and other social organizations in: Health Care Switzerland 2007–2009. Hans Huber Verlag, Bern 2007. ISBN 978-3-456-84422-0
  • Braun, Joachim; Kettler, Ulrich; Becker, Ingo: Self-help and self-help support in the Federal Republic of Germany . Series of publications of the Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth Vol. 136, Stuttgart 1997. ISBN 3-17-015152-5
  • Borgetto, Bernhard: Self-help and health. Analyzes, research results and perspectives in Switzerland and Germany. Publisher Hans Huber Hochgrefe AG ​​Bern 2004
  • Haller, F. & Gräser, H. (2012). Support groups. Concepts, effects and developments. Weinheim: Beltz / Juventa.
  • Hundertmark-Mayser, Jutta; Möller-Bock, Bettina: Self-help in the health sector. Federal Health Reporting, Issue 23. Published by the Robert Koch Institute on August 1, 2004 ( PDF )
  • Kohler, Martin; Ziese, Thomas. Telephone health survey of the Robert Koch Institute on chronic diseases and their conditions. Descriptive report of results. Robert Koch Institute, Berlin 2004 PDF
  • Matzat, J. '(2004). Guide to self-help groups. An introduction for laypeople and professionals. Giessen: Psychosozial-Verlag.
  • Mitleger-Lehner, Renate: Law for self-help groups. Ag Spak, Neu-Ulm 2010.
  • Moeller, Michael Lukas : Self-help groups - self-treatment and self-knowledge in independent small groups . Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek b. Hamburg 1978.
  • Moeller, ML (2007/1981). Help differently. Support groups and professionals work together. Giessen: Psychosozial-Verlag.
  • Moos-Hofius, Birgit; Rapp, Ilse: Self-Help Groups - A Guide for Practice. Published by the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs Baden-Württemberg. 3rd updated edition October 2007. ( PDF )
  • Praschniker, Hans: "Sociodemographic background, alcoholism career, abstinence period, self-image and personality of convalescent alcoholics - an exploratory study of alcoholics anonymous in Austria"; Dissertation Uni Graz 1984. Praschniker Abstracts
  • Trojan, Alf (ed.): Knowledge is power. Independent through self-help in groups. Fischer Taschenbuchverlag, Frankfurt / M. 1986

Web links

Wiktionary: Self-help group  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Search lists and contact points in Germany

Search lists and contact points in Switzerland

Self-help promotion

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Joachim Braun, Ulrich Kettler, Ingo Becker (1997): Self-help and self-help support in the Federal Republic of Germany. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. Page 7. ISBN 3-17-015152-5
  2. ^ Robert Koch Institute Telephone health survey of the Robert Koch Institute on chronic diseases and their conditions.
  3. ^ Alf Trojan, Stefan Nickel, Robert Amhof, Jan Böcken (2006): Social influencing factors of participation in self-help associations. Results of selected questions from the health monitor. In: Health Care 68, pp. 364–375.
  4. ↑ Renate Mitleger-Lehner: right for self-help groups . 1st edition Ag Spak, 2010. p. 24 ff.
  5. ↑ Guide to the promotion of self-help --- Principles of the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds for the promotion of self-help according to § 20c SGB V of March 10, 2000 in the version of October 6, 2009 (PDF, 833 KB) ( Memento of September 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  6. ^ Magazine of the German Cancer Aid 1/2013, Bonn, April 2013
  7. ↑ Virtual self-help groups
  8. ↑ Self-help interactive ( memento of the original dated November 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.selbsthilfe-interaktiv.de
  9. ↑ Guide to the promotion of self-help --- Principles of the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds for the promotion of self-help according to Section 20c SGB V of March 10, 2000 in the version of October 6, 2009, p. 13 ( Memento of September 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) ( PDF; 852 kB)
  10. ↑ Guide to the promotion of self-help --- Principles of the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds for the promotion of self-help according to Section 20c SGB V of March 10, 2000 in the version of October 6, 2009, p. 16 ( Memento of September 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) ( PDF; 852 kB)
  11. ↑ a b Guide to self-help promotion --- Principles of the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds for the promotion of self-help according to Section 20c SGB V of March 10, 2000 in the version of October 6, 2009, p. 17 ( Memento of September 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 852 kB)
  12. ↑ Guideline for the promotion of self-help --- Principles of the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds for the promotion of self-help according to Section 20c SGB V of March 10, 2000 in the version of October 6, 2009, p. 18 ( Memento of September 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  13. ↑ Guide to the promotion of self-help --- Principles of the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds for the promotion of self-help according to Section 20c SGB V of March 10, 2000 in the version of October 6, 2009, p. 19 f. ( Memento from September 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 852 kB)
  14. ↑ Guide to the promotion of self-help --- Principles of the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds for the promotion of self-help according to § 20c SGB V of March 10, 2000 in the version of October 6, 2009, p. 22 ( Memento of September 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) ( PDF; 852 kB)
  15. ↑ a b Guide to the promotion of self-help --- Principles of the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds for the promotion of self-help in accordance with Section 20c SGB V of March 10, 2000 in the version of October 6, 2009, p. 23 ( Memento of September 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 852 kB)
  16. ↑ Guide to the promotion of self-help --- Principles of the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds for the promotion of self-help in accordance with Section 20c SGB V of March 10, 2000 in the version of October 6, 2009, p. 25 ( Memento of September 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) ( PDF; 852 kB)
  17. ↑ Guide to the promotion of self-help --- Principles of the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds for the promotion of self-help according to § 20c SGB V of March 10, 2000 in the version of October 6, 2009, p. 25 f. ( Memento from September 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  18. ↑ Guide to the promotion of self-help --- Principles of the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds for the promotion of self-help according to Section 20c SGB V of March 10, 2000 in the version of October 6, 2009, p. 26 ( Memento of September 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  19. ↑ Guide to the promotion of self-help --- Principles of the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds for the promotion of self-help according to § 20c SGB V of March 10, 2000 in the version of October 6, 2009, p. 27 ( Memento of September 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) ( PDF; 852 kB)
  20. ↑ a b Guide to the promotion of self-help --- Principles of the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds for the promotion of self-help in accordance with Section 20c SGB V of March 10, 2000 in the version of October 6, 2009, p. 28 ( Memento of September 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 852 kB)
  21. ↑ Guide to the promotion of self-help --- Principles of the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds for the promotion of self-help according to § 20c SGB V of March 10, 2000 in the version of October 6, 2009, p. 29 f. ( Memento from September 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 852 kB)
  22. ↑ Guide to self-help promotion --- Principles of the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds for the promotion of self-help in accordance with Section 20c SGB V of March 10, 2000 in the version of October 6, 2009, p. 30 ( Memento of September 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) ( PDF; 852 kB)
  23. ↑ Guide to the promotion of self-help --- Principles of the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds for the promotion of self-help according to Section 20c SGB V of March 10, 2000 in the version of October 6, 2009, p. 31 ( Memento of September 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) ( PDF; 852 kB)
  24. ↑ Beate Robertz-Grossmann, Sigrid Droste: Alcoholics Anonymous - A literature analysis of the program of a self-help group for alcoholic people. 2003, Federal Association for Health e. V. ( pdf ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bvgesundheit.de
  25. ↑ " adherence to the AA fellowship entails engagement in religious activity and religious proselytization " - judgment "Griffin vs. Coughlin ", New York Court of Appeals, June 11, 1996 ( online )
  26. ↑ taz A code for pharmaceutical companies by Klaus Peter Görlitzer
  27. ↑ Keller, Martina: Give and take. Die Zeit No. 21/2005, May 19, 2005
  28. ↑ Schubert, Kirsten; Glaeske, Gerd: Influence of the pharmaceutical-industrial complex on self-help. University of Bremen - Center for Social Policy, November 2006. ( PDF, 210 kB )
  29. ↑ Merten, Martina; Rabbata, Samir: Self-help and the pharmaceutical industry: not with and not without each other . Deutsches Ärzteblatt 104, issue 46 of November 16, 2007, page A-3157 / B-2776 / C-2678
  30. ↑ Berliner Zeitung of July 4, 2009 (page 15) and epd report