Logotherapy and Existential Analysis

Viktor E. Frankl, Vienna, 1965, Viktor Frankl Archive

Logotherapy (from the Greek lógos “meaning, content” and therapeúein “maintain, care”) and existential analysis (from the Latin exsistere “emerge, emerge or confront, be present” and the Greek analysis “decomposition” in the sense of investigation) denote as closely interwoven terms an anthropological theory and psychological form of treatment, the origin of which goes back to the Austrian neurologist , psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor Viktor E. Frankl (1905–1997).

In the late 1920s, this established an independent approach that takes a special look at the spiritual dimension of people and regards their existential striving for meaning in life as their primary motivating force. In addition to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis and Alfred Adler's individual psychology , logotherapy and existential analysis are often referred to as the “Third Viennese School of Psychotherapy”. Paradigmatically , it is assigned to the family of humanistic-existential- oriented processes.

Emergence

The starting point of Viktor Frankl's suggestion is the tendency within psychotherapy directed against the prevailing psychologism at the time, which originated from Edmund Husserl and was mainly represented by Karl Jaspers , Viktor von Gebsattel , Ludwig Binswanger , Medard Boss and Rollo May . Frankl dealt in detail with existential anthropology and especially with Max Scheler's phenomenology , which significantly influenced and founded his worldview and scientific work.

In the wake of Husserl's and Scheler's criticism of psychology of depth psychology , Frankl pleaded for a correction of its reductionist view of man and its psychotherapeutic methods. He took the view that psychotherapy must be supplemented by the introduction of an independent spiritual dimension , since psychological reductionism itself attributes all mental phenomena exclusively to psychological causes, which, however, does not do justice to the “specifically human” aspect of the whole person. So he put in contrast to the Freudian reductionism and Adler'scher embossing addition on the internal dynamics of psycho-instinctual forces directed Psycho Analysis directed to touch value and meaningfulness existence analysis that expand the view of the dimension of the person and existence and should especially grasp the striving for meaning as the primary motivational force of humans. His Psychologismuskritik brought Frankl by the concise formula to express that it was up to the people in his view, first and foremost to the "will to meaning", while in Freud's psychoanalysis the "will to pleasure" and in the individual psychology Adler of "will to power" is decisive.

From his existential-analytical anthropology , Frankl derived logotherapy as a specific treatment method which is used in practice in the context of the topic of meaning and which was first comprehensively presented in 1946 in the book Ärztliche Seelsorge .

Basic theoretical assumptions

Viktor Frankl's original concept of logotherapy and existential analysis includes a fundamental theory about the possibilities and conditions for a dignified existence . Derived from existential philosophy , Viktor Frankl formulated an understanding of existence with his anthropology that tries to do justice to the special character of being human . So he specifies the essence of existence to the effect that this "is a kind of being , namely human being, the being that is peculiar to human beings , whose peculiarity consists in the fact that it is not a factual, but a facultative being in humans , not about having to be-once-so-and-not-different [...], rather about being able to always be different ". Therefore, human existence is the only being that asks about the meaning of concrete facts and its own being.

This specific way of being of the human being is characterized by the meeting of three mutually different aspects of being, according to which the human being is physical (bodily), psychological (soul) and spiritual ( noetic ) at the same time. All three dimensions of human existence are interwoven and have a special relationship to one another. While the physical and psychological dimensions are closely related ( psychophysical parallelism ), man can rise above his psychophysical by virtue of his spiritual dimension. Thus man does not set out the three aspects of being together , but rather the intellectual sets in people with the Psychophysikum apart . Since the spiritual dimension is different and independent of the other two, conclusions cannot be drawn directly from the state of the psychophysical to that of the spiritual. For example, something that may be relieving or pleasurable on the physical or psychological level does not necessarily have to be experienced as meaningful on the spiritual level . Conversely, what appears to be worthwhile and meaningful to people does not always have to be pleasant psychologically or physically or produce immediate satisfaction. With logotherapy and existential analysis, Frankl devised an approach that aimed in a special way at the prominent position of the spiritual dimension of the human being.

This spiritual dimension allows people to distance themselves from themselves (self-distancing) and thus to face the world in freedom and personal responsibility (self-transcendence). The existential-analytical anthropology thus regards the human being as fundamentally free of decision and free will, who is able to behave towards his internal and external conditionalities and to align himself beyond himself to meaning and values. Through this potential freedom of will and personal responsibility, man is called upon to go beyond himself and his own limitations: Man is never free from conditions and influences of a personal, typological, biological, social and cultural nature, but within these circumstances he encounters innumerable ones every day Situations that challenge him to deal with them in the best possible way. As the existential analytical approach asks less about determining influences and predispositions, but rather about the immediacy of one's own experience and way of life, it does justice to the (prompting) character that life has for people. By returning to this own world experience , Frankl gives the question of meaning a Copernican twist , according to which it is life itself that asks people questions. It is not he who has to ask, rather he is the one questioned from the point of view of life, who has to answer life, to answer for life.

If the person cannot bring his will to meaning into practice in life, oppressive feelings of meaninglessness and worthlessness arise. The existential frustration of the need for meaning can trigger or exacerbate mental illness. In applied logotherapy and existential analysis, the emphasis on the spiritual dimension plays a central role, for example by trying to open up existential freedom of action and experience to the suffering person in relation to somatic or psychological illnesses and by differentiating between (psychophysical) symptoms and (spiritual) person gives back a decisive part of his self-determination ability and dignity . Against this background, the existential analysis always means an analysis "for existence", not an abstract investigation of existence itself, but of those concrete existential conditions that lead to a valuable and self-dependent life.

In counseling and psychotherapeutic treatment, according to the logotherapeutic view, the focus is on awareness and strengthening of the spiritual, which should (again) enable people to track down the individual and unique possibilities of meaning that are hidden in every situation and in themselves and the world around them to bring to bear (see also section on methods and areas of application ).

Representatives and directions

From Viktor Frankl's early generation of pupils, who had shown extensive interest in and commitment to his teaching since the 1970s and subsequently maintained close contact with Frankl, Elisabeth Lukas and Alfried Längle emerged as two central personalities who were responsible for the dissemination and others Significantly promoted and influenced the development of logotherapy and existential analysis. If one speaks today of logotherapy and existential analysis, one has to distinguish between two major directions:

On the one hand, around Elisabeth Lukas' sphere of influence, there is that characteristic that is closely based on the original Franklian ideas and is largely committed to preserving pure teaching in the spirit of the founder. Lukas made logotherapy known to a wide section of the population, especially in Germany, and made a significant contribution to its establishment. In 1986 she founded the South German Institute for Logotherapy in Fürstenfeldbruck .

On the other hand, Alfried Längle developed the basic concepts of Frankl phenomenologically and expanded and established existential analysis as a comprehensive, independent psychotherapy procedure. In 1983 the Society for Logotherapy and Existential Analysis (GLE) was established in Vienna, initially headed by Viktor Frankl as honorary president.

Although both directions refer to a partly common anthropological foundation, they nevertheless differ significantly from one another. If Frankl's original logotherapy and existential analysis (represented by the circle around Lukas ) starts directly with the topic of meaning, the primary motivational concept of which is the “will to meaning”, the further developed existential analysis (represented by the circle around Längle ) is viewed as a comprehensive psychotherapy process , within which the original logotherapy continues as an integral part. The essential content-related core of this further development is to no longer regard the meaningful topic as the only central motivational dynamic, but to understand it as one of a total of four existential basic motivations, which precede the three others. Through this context, the original concept of existence is expanded: Existence is no longer just the fulfillment of meaning , but also an effort to accept circumstances , establish valuable relationships and enter into authentic dialogue with oneself and others . Another change is the priority work with phenomenological means. This led to the development of a theory of emotions and a specific therapeutic method, the personal existential analysis , as well as the inclusion of biographical and psychodynamic work.

Due to the introduction of these new theoretical and methodological approaches in the context of the "personal turnaround" proclaimed by Längle, Frankl separated from the GLE and its representatives in 1991. For him, this development went too far beyond his actual logotherapeutic concept of meaning. In addition, he refused to work with biography and emotionality as well as the self-awareness provided for in the course of the training , since in his opinion all of this runs counter to the essential characteristic of self-transcendence and is therefore no longer logotherapeutic. In general, he feared that the further development would lead to the return of the very psychologism that he had been fighting against throughout his life. According to Frankl, the focus of logotherapy and existential analysis should remain in the future-oriented theory of meaning.

In 1992, in response to the changes in the GLE, the Viktor Frankl Institute (VFI) was founded in Vienna, which in Lukas' tradition has since represented and continued the original logotherapy and existential analysis conceived by Viktor Frankl. The VFI, which is committed to the original logotherapy and existential analysis, and the GLE, which is the basis for the further developed existential analysis , work independently of each other. There is no connection or cooperation between these two lead institutions and their representatives. The numerous regional, national and international societies are organized in a similar way: According to their self-image, their orientation and affiliation, they usually only represent either one or the other of the two main directions of logotherapy and existential analysis.

Due to the conceptual divergence of the two main directions, the original meanings of logotherapy and existential analysis have changed: After the historical separation of the two forms, the original expression, operating closely based on Frankl, has given itself the designation "logotherapy and existential analysis". Within this direction, logotherapy is defined as the practical application of existential analysis. The latter, on the one hand, describes the theoretical research direction on which logotherapy is based, but on the other hand is also considered part of the logotherapeutic process itself. The further developed form influenced by Längle, on the other hand, defines existential analysis as a psychotherapeutic process with its own phenomenologically oriented theoretical foundation. Logotherapy is understood here as a sub-area within the comprehensive existential analytical framework. As a result, the name of this direction of psychotherapy consequently bears the name "existential analysis". Due to their anthropology and methodology, both directions are assigned to the humanistic process.

It needs to be differentiated from other psychotherapy procedures with the same or similar names in order not to confuse them with one another: The existential analysis represented by the British Society for Existential Analysis around Ronald D. Laing and Emmy Van Deurzen has no reference to Viktor Frankl's work, despite having the same name and rather refers to the existential philosophical assumptions of Jean-Paul Sartre . Even existential psychotherapy according to Irvin D. Yalom , which is essentially a psychodynamic process, is not based on Frankl's basic anthropological assumptions. For a short time in the 1940s, the term “existential analysis ” was also used for today's analysis of existence , founded by Ludwig Binswanger and Medard Boss , but philosophically oriented primarily towards Martin Heidegger .

Methods and areas of application

Even if their anthropological assumptions show some overlap, the specific approaches, methods and respective areas of application of the two main directions of logotherapy and existential analysis (presented in the section Representatives and directions ) differ substantially.

Original logotherapy and existential analysis

The central treatment goals of the original approach consist in regaining a meaningful and valuable life as well as in meaningful handling of guilt , suffering and experiences of unalterable fate . This essentially activates the will of the human being for meaning and supports those healthy parts of the human personality and his environment that contribute to the healing and alleviation of symptoms of illness as well as to meaning orientation and the reorganization of experience and behavior. Using the techniques of paradoxical intention , dereflection , attitude modulation according to Lukas and Socratic dialogue as a basic method of conversation, the intuitive, social, cognitive and creative-intellectual abilities of people in recognizing and implementing meaningful solutions in the respective concrete life situations are to be strengthened and developed . The treatment can take place as part of a short-term or long-term therapy and is suitable for individual, couple, group and family therapy. The duration and the setting of the treatment depend on the respective question and indication . Conversations usually take place once or twice a week.

As part of the effectiveness measurement , a good 15 differentiated test instruments with different focuses are available. Currently (as of 2009) there are more than 600 empirical and clinical studies on the original logotherapeutic approach.

Advanced existential analysis

The further developed existential analysis referring to Längle aims to help people to be able to live (again) with inner approval of their own actions and existence . She wants to help him to a (mentally and emotionally) free experience, to authentic statements and to deal independently with his life and his world. As part of existential analytical psychotherapy, the aim is to free the person from the distortions, one-sidedness and traumatisation that disturb their experience and behavior. The most important methods are here, the solo exhibition existential analysis that Personale position location , which will strengthen method and the direction detection method , the structural and biographical work with the fundamental motivations and specific diagnosis-specific forms of intervention used. This form of therapy is indicated for all forms of psychological, psychosomatic and psychosocial behavior disorders and states of suffering. In addition to existential analysis in psychotherapeutic application, logotherapy comes into play as a primarily meaning-oriented form of treatment in counseling, support and prophylaxis . Its practical application is mainly to help people who are not (yet) ill, but who are suffering from existential disorientation. It makes an essential contribution to the prevention of mental disorders , in the treatment of senselessness and feelings of emptiness ( existential vacuum ), in coping with experiences of loss, in dealing with severe or chronic illnesses, dealing with strokes of fate and life crises. Psychotherapy as well as counseling and support are mostly used in one-on-one conversations in a seated manner, and less often in groups. As a rule, an interview is arranged weekly.

The effectiveness measurement is based on several test instruments, well-founded individual case and controlled group studies. Current empirical study results indicate a high effectiveness of the further developed existential analysis in the area of psychological abnormalities and disorders as well as interpersonal impairments.

Training and admission

Like most psychotherapy schools, training in logotherapy and existential analysis is largely organized through private institutes. These are often assigned to higher-level associations that provide uniform training guidelines. The differentiation of logotherapy and existential analysis in two main directions is also reflected in the structure of the training landscape. Both directions offer their own training courses, which are not compatible with each other. Therefore, candidates usually decide in advance either for one or the other variant.

Original logotherapy and existential analysis

The original logotherapy and existential analysis is primarily represented by the Viktor Frankl Institute in Vienna . It is taught worldwide in numerous national logotherapy societies and Viktor Frankl institutes as well as at some universities. In Austria there is the possibility of completing this direction of logotherapy and existential analysis either as a state-recognized psychotherapy training or as part of the training to become a licensed life and social counselor . Both are independent training courses that are regulated by law and are subject to special entry requirements and quality requirements. The psychotherapeutic specialty of “Logotherapy and Existential Analysis ” in its original form is offered by the Wels Training Institute for Logotherapy and Existential Analysis (ABILE). In this regard, there is also a cooperation with the private Danube University Krems , within which the specialist can be covered in the course of the “Psychotherapy” university course. Two institutes for logotherapy and existential analysis (in Salzburg and Innsbruck ) are currently approved and accredited by the Viktor Frankl Institute for training as a life and social counselor with logotherapy qualifications . In Germany, an overarching professional association, the German Society for Logotherapy and Existential Analysis (DGLE), based in Pfaffenweiler im Breisgau, coordinates uniform national training. The institutes belonging to this association offer part-time logotherapeutic overall training, which consists of basic training and practical in-depth knowledge and includes the subject areas of anthropology, crisis prevention, disorders and crisis intervention as well as the basics of methodology and support for existential problems. The completion of the training enables the graduate to apply logotherapy in his previous professional field of activity. In addition, advanced training courses on specific topics are also offered. The DGLE cooperates with the Viktor Frankl Institute , the Viktor Frankl Center Vienna and the Swiss Institute for Logotherapy and Existential Analysis (ILE) in Chur .

Advanced existential analysis

The further developed existential analysis as the second main direction is represented by the International Society for Logotherapy and Existential Analysis (GLE-I) based in Vienna and by its national regional associations and institutes in Austria, Germany and Switzerland; Poland, Romania, Russia, Czech Republic, Latvia, Great Britain; Taught Argentina, Chile, Mexico and Canada. The training is designed to be internationally uniform. GLE-I has state recognition of existential analysis as an approved psychotherapy method in Austria, Romania, Switzerland and the Czech Republic. The German-language training can take place in Austria at institutes of the GLE-Ö, in Germany at the institutes of the Academy for Existential Analysis and Logotherapy (training provider of GLE-D) and in Switzerland at the GES in Bern either as a course in logotherapy and existential analysis advice and support or as part of a comprehensive psychotherapy curriculum. The main focus of the counseling training lies in conveying existential-analytical anthropology and dealing with existential borderline situations and crises (theory of meaning and existence). In Austria, the completion of the counseling course qualifies, among other things, to practice the regulated trade of life and social counseling . The incomparably more extensive training in existential analytical psychotherapy (specialist subject) also includes in-depth teaching of clinical content such as diagnostics , psychogenesis , psychopathology and the phenomenology of clinical disorders, nosology and therapy of the individual clinical pictures. As part of a cooperation between the GLE-Ö and the Sigmund Freud Private University in Vienna, it is possible to complete the existential analysis psychotherapy training with the academic degree of Magister in Psychotherapy Science (Mag. Pth.) . In addition, since 2016 there has been a university course at the University of Salzburg in cooperation with the GLE-Ö with a Master of Science degree (existential analysis) . Both counseling and psychotherapy training are largely carried out on a part-time basis. As part of both training courses, a supervised practical or treatment part must be completed.

In Germany , a joint application for national scientific recognition of the humanistic psychotherapy procedure was submitted in 2012 in the association of the Working Group on Humanistic Psychotherapy (AGHPT), in which both logotherapeutic-existential analysis main directions are represented , which was ultimately rejected in 2017. The decision made by the Scientific Advisory Board for Psychotherapy (WBP) was sharply criticized in various respects.

literature

Frankl, V. ([1981] 1997), The question of meaning in psychotherapy , Piper, Munich / Zurich ISBN 3-492-20577-1 .
Frankl, V. ([1975] 2005), The suffering person. Anthropological foundations of psychotherapy . Huber, Bern, ISBN 3-456-84214-7 .
Frankl, V. ([1972] 2012), The Will to Meaning , Huber, Bern, ISBN 978-3-456-85077-1 .
Frankl, V. ([1959] 2010), Logotherapy and Existential Analysis. Texts from six decades , Beltz, Weinheim / Basel, ISBN 3-407-22129-0 .
Frankl, V. ([1956] 2002), Psychotherapy in Practice. A casuistic introduction for doctors. Piper, Munich / Zurich, ISBN 978-3-492-20475-0 .
Frankl, V. ([1956] 2007), Theory and Therapy of Neuroses. Introduction to Logotherapy and Existential Analysis , E. Reinhardt, Munich / Basel, ISBN 3-497-01294-7 .
Frankl, V. ([1946] 2007), Medical Pastoral Care. Basics of logotherapy and existential analysis. With the "Ten Theses about the Person". Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Munich, ISBN 978-3-423-34427-2 .
Frankl 'V. ([1946] 2009), ... to say yes to life anyway. A psychologist experiences the concentration camp , Kösel, Munich, ISBN 978-3-466-36859-4 .
Kurz, Wolfram, Sedlak, Franz (1995), Compendium of Logotherapy and Existential Analysis. Proven basics. Neue Perspektiven , Verlag Lebenskunst, Tübingen, ISBN 978-3-980-36641-0 .
Längle, Alfried (2016), Existential Analysis. Existential approaches to psychotherapy, Facultas.wuv, Vienna, ISBN 978-3-7089-1353-7 .
Längle, Alfried (2013), textbook on existential analysis. Basics , Facultas.wuv, Vienna, ISBN 978-3-7089-0958-5 .
Längle, Alfried (2011), Existence fulfilled. Development, application and concepts of existential analysis , Facultas.wuv, Vienna, ISBN 978-3-7089-0721-5 .
Längle, Alfried (2008), Existential Analysis , in: Längle, Alfried, Holzhey-Kunz, Alice, Existential Analysis and Analysis of Daseins , Facultas.wuv, Vienna, ISBN 978-3-8252-2966-5 .
Längle, Alfried (1999), Existential Analysis - Finding Approval for Life , in: Fundamenta Psychiatrica, 12, Schattauer, ISSN 0931-0428 .

Längle, Alfried (1988), Decision to be. Viktor E. Frankl's Logotherapy in Practice , Piper, Munich / Zurich, ISBN 3-492-10791-5 .

Lukas, Elisabeth (2011), The Key to a Meaningful Life. The height psychology Viktor E. Frankls , Kösel, Munich, ISBN 978-3-466-37003-0 .

Lukas, Elisabeth (2006), Textbook of Logotherapy. Image of man and methods , Profil Verlag, Munich, ISBN 3-89019-585-7 .

Lukas, E. (2004), Longing for Meaning. Logotherapeutic answers to existential questions , Profil Verlag, ISBN 3-89019-553-9 .

Lukas, E. (1999), Your life also has meaning. Logotherapeutic ways to recovery , Herder, ISBN 978-3-451-04011-5 .

Lukas E. (1983), From depth to height psychology , Herder, ISBN 3-451-08020-6 .

Riedel, C., Deckart, R., Noyon, A. (2008), Existential Analysis and Logotherapy. A manual for study and practice , WBG, ISBN 978-3-534-21480-8 .

Magazines

Existential analysis . Journal of the International Society for Logotherapy and Existential Analysis (GLE-Int.), Vienna, appears twice a year, ISSN 0258-5383 . See also existential analysis (journal) .

Existence and logos . Journal for meaning-centered therapy, advice, education (since 1992), German Society for Logotherapy and Existential Analysis (DGLE), Pfaffenweiler, appears twice a year, ISSN 1617-6022 .

International Forum for Logotherapy . Journal of Search for Meaning (since 1978), Viktor Frankl Institute of Logotherapy, Abilene, Texas, appears twice a year, ISSN 0191-3379 .

Audiovisual media

Existential analysis (video), Alfried Längle in conversation with W. Eberwein.
Lecture series on existential analysis and logotherapy of the neuroses (audio, parts 1 to 5), Viktor Frankl, Wiener Poliklinik 1973.

Web links

Original logotherapy and existential analysis

Training Institute for Logotherapy and Existential Analysis (ABILE)
German Society for Logotherapy and Existential Analysis (DGLE)
Swiss Institute for Logotherapy and Existential Analysis (ILE)
Viktor Frankl Institute (VFI)
Viktor Frankl Center Vienna

Advanced existential analysis

Academy for Existential Analysis and Logotherapy (Germany)

Society for Logotherapy and Existential Analysis in Germany (GLE-D)

Society for Logotherapy and Existential Analysis (GLE International)

Society for Logotherapy and Existential Analysis Austria (GLE-Ö)

Society for Existential Analysis Switzerland (GES)

Individual evidence

↑ This frequently cited classification goes back to Walter Soucek, who first coined this term in his 1948 essay The Existential Analysis of Frankl, the third direction of the Viennese school of psychotherapy , in: Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift , 73.

↑ ^a ^b Kriz, J. (2014), Basic Concepts of Psychotherapy , Beltz, ISBN 978-3-621-28097-6 .

↑ Schneider et al. (2014), The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology. Theory, Research, and Practice , Sage Publications, ISBN 978-1-4522-6774-6 .

↑ Gritschneder, M. (2005), The Influence of Max Scheler's Philosophy on Viktor E. Frankl's Logotherapy , in: Batthyány, D., Zsok, O. (2005), Viktor Frankl und die Philosophie , Springer, ISBN 3-211 -23623-6 .

^ Frankl, V. ([1977] 2013), Suffering from senseless life. Psychotherapy for today (on the critique of dynamic psychologism), Herder, ISBN 3-451-04859-0 .

^ Frankl, V. ([1972] 2012), The will to sense , Huber, ISBN 978-3-456-85077-1 .

^ Wicki, B. (2009), Logotherapy , in: Stumm, G., Pritz, A. (2009), Dictionary of Psychotherapy , Springer, ISBN 3-211-99130-1 .

^ Frankl, V. ([1946] 2007), Ärztliche Seelsorge. Basics of Logotherapy and Existential Analysis , dtv, ISBN 978-3-423-34427-2 .

^ ^A ^b ^c Frankl, V. (1959), Outline of Existential Analysis and Logotherapy , in: Frankl, V. ([1959] 2010), Logotherapy and Existential Analysis. Texts from six decades , Beltz, ISBN 3-407-22129-0 .

↑ Biller, K., Stiegeler, M. (2008), Dictionary of Logotherapy and Existential Analysis by Viktor E. Frankl. Technical terms, metaphors, foreign words , Böhlau, ISBN 978-3-205-77755-7 .

^ Frankl, V. ([1975] 2005), The suffering person. Anthropological foundations of psychotherapy , Huber, ISBN 3-456-84214-7 .

↑ Lukas, E. (2012), carried by the sense. A life for logotherapy , Kösel, ISBN 3-466-37052-3 .

↑ Längle A. (2005), 20 years of GLE - a story , in: Existential Analysis, 1/2005, Info booklet , GLE, ISSN 0258-5383 .

↑ Längle, A. (1993), Personal Existential Analysis , in: Längle, A. (1993), Wertbegegnung. Phenomena and methodological approaches , GLE-Verlag.

↑ Kolbe, C. (2000), On the Development of Personal Existential Analysis , in: Längle, A. (2000), Practice of Personal Existential Analysis , Facultas, ISBN 3-85076-514-8 .

↑ Raskob, H. (2004), Viktor Frankl's Logotherapy and Existential Analysis. Systematic and critical , Springer, ISBN 3-211-21192-6 .

↑ ^a ^b This terminology also corresponds to the official name as a state-recognized psychotherapy method in Austria.

↑ ^a ^b Federal Ministry of Health, Patients - Information on the psychotherapeutic methods recognized in Austria (PDF; 405 kB).

↑ ^a ^b Arbeitsgemeinschaft Humanistische Psychotherapie (AGHPT), applications to the Scientific Advisory Board for Psychotherapy (WBP) ( Memento of the original from November 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2

^ Batthyany, A., Guttmann, D. (2006), Empirical Research in Logotherapy and Meaning-Oriented Psychotherapy. An Annotated Bibliography , Zeig, Tucker & Theisen, ISBN 978-1-932-46233-3 .

↑ Laireiter, A. et al. (2013), The Effectiveness of Existential Analysis and Logotherapy. Retrospective assessments , in: Existential Analysis, 1/2013, GLE, ISSN 1024-7033 .

↑ Regazzo et al. (2008), Effectiveness of Existential Psychotherapy. Experimental basics, studies and research , Cleup, ISBN 978-8-8612-9196-6 .

↑ Viktor Frankl Institute (VFI), Training in Austria ( Memento of the original from February 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2

↑ Stumm, G., Jandl-Jager, E. (2006), Psychotherapy. Training in Austria , Falter, ISBN 3-854-39334-2 .

↑ ^a ^b Bitzer-Gavornik, G. (2012), Life and Social Counseling in Austria , facultas.wuv, ISBN 3-708-90833-3 .

↑ German Society for Logotherapy and Existential Analysis (DGLE), Recognized Training and Further Education Institutes ( Memento of the original from November 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .

↑ Society for Logotherapy and Existential Analysis (GLE), societies and institutes worldwide ( Memento of the original from February 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .

↑ Society for Logotherapy and Existential Analysis (GLE), training qualifications ( memento of the original from February 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .

↑ The university course Existential Analysis & Logotherapy comprises eight semesters and imparts research-relevant knowledge in addition to the theoretical and personality-building training sections of the psychotherapeutic specialist area.